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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a component of the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is a component of the axial skeleton?
- Scapula
- Femur
- Vertebral column (correct)
- Humerus
The appendicular skeleton primarily functions to protect vital organs such as the brain and heart.
The appendicular skeleton primarily functions to protect vital organs such as the brain and heart.
False (B)
What is the anatomical term for the shaft of a long bone?
What is the anatomical term for the shaft of a long bone?
Diaphysis
The rounded end of a long bone, often covered with articular cartilage, is known as the ______.
The rounded end of a long bone, often covered with articular cartilage, is known as the ______.
Match the anatomical term with its correct directional meaning:
Match the anatomical term with its correct directional meaning:
Which bone contains the olecranon process?
Which bone contains the olecranon process?
Cortical bone is less dense and more spongy compared to trabecular bone.
Cortical bone is less dense and more spongy compared to trabecular bone.
What is the foramen magnum, and on which bone is it located?
What is the foramen magnum, and on which bone is it located?
The pelvis, also known as the os coxae, is composed of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and ______.
The pelvis, also known as the os coxae, is composed of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and ______.
Match the following landmarks with their corresponding bones:
Match the following landmarks with their corresponding bones:
Which directional term describes something located towards the back of the body?
Which directional term describes something located towards the back of the body?
Stature estimation is typically performed using measurements from bones of the axial skeleton.
Stature estimation is typically performed using measurements from bones of the axial skeleton.
According to Bergmann's rule, how do animals in colder climates tend to differ from those in warmer climates?
According to Bergmann's rule, how do animals in colder climates tend to differ from those in warmer climates?
The spine is a prominent feature of which bone?
The spine is a prominent feature of which bone?
Match each bone with the correct skeletal division:
Match each bone with the correct skeletal division:
Which of the following is a primary function of the hyoid bone?
Which of the following is a primary function of the hyoid bone?
Regional ancestry can be accurately determined solely based on measurements of the femur.
Regional ancestry can be accurately determined solely based on measurements of the femur.
Describe one skeletal trait that can be used to differentiate between male and female pelves.
Describe one skeletal trait that can be used to differentiate between male and female pelves.
The medial and lateral condyles are prominent features located on the distal end of the ______.
The medial and lateral condyles are prominent features located on the distal end of the ______.
Match the following anatomical directions:
Match the following anatomical directions:
Flashcards
Axial Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
The skeletal system's central axis, including the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage; it protects vital organs.
Appendicular Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the limbs, attached to the axial skeleton via girdles, enabling movement and locomotion.
Epiphysis
Epiphysis
The rounded end of a long bone, often covered with articular cartilage for joint articulation.
Diaphysis
Diaphysis
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Cortical Bone
Cortical Bone
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Trabecular Bone
Trabecular Bone
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Proximal
Proximal
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Distal
Distal
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Medial
Medial
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Lateral
Lateral
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Superior
Superior
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Inferior
Inferior
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Anterior
Anterior
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Posterior
Posterior
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Bergmann’s Rule
Bergmann’s Rule
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Allen’s Rule
Allen’s Rule
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Hyoid Bone
Hyoid Bone
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Glenoid Fossa
Glenoid Fossa
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Mastoid Process
Mastoid Process
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Foramen Magnum
Foramen Magnum
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Study Notes
Overview of the Human Skeletal System
- The skeletal system provides support, protection, and facilitates movement.
- It consists of the axial and appendicular skeletons.
- The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, protecting vital organs.
- The appendicular skeleton comprises the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic), enabling movement.
Bone Classification and Key Landmarks
- Skull bones include the temporal (mastoid process), occipital (foramen magnum, nuchal lines), parietal, frontal, nasal, zygomatic, maxilla, and mandible.
- The vertebral column consists of cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx.
- Hyoid bone supports the tongue and is located in the neck.
- The thoracic cage is composed of the sternum and ribs.
- The clavicle and scapula (glenoid fossa, spine) are part of the shoulder girdle.
- Upper limbs include the humerus, ulna (olecranon, coronoid processes), radius (head), carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- The pelvis (os coxae) consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
- Lower limbs include the femur (head, neck, medial/lateral condyles, greater/lesser trochanter), patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Distinctions in Bone Structure
- The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage.
- The diaphysis is the shaft or central part of a long bone.
- Cortical (compact) bone is the dense outer layer.
- Trabecular (cancellous) bone is the spongy inner layer.
Directional Terms in Anatomy
- Proximal means closer to the point of attachment or trunk.
- Distal means farther from the point of attachment or trunk.
- Medial means closer to the midline of the body.
- Lateral means farther from the midline of the body.
- Superior means above a structure.
- Inferior means below a structure.
- Anterior refers to the front of the body.
- Posterior refers to the back of the body.
Identifying Bone Characteristics
- Sex determination uses skull or pelvis traits; females typically have a wider pelvis.
- Age estimation involves differentiating adult from juvenile bones by examining the fusion levels of growth plates.
- Stature estimation uses long bone measurements with formula charts.
Regional Ancestry Identification
- Skull features such as shape, size, and specific traits can indicate regional ancestry or geographic affinity.
Human Variation in Skin Color
- Variation occurs due to genetic adaptation to varying levels of ultraviolet radiation.
- Bergmann’s Rule states that animals in colder climates tend to have shorter limbs and rounder bodies.
- Allen’s Rule states that animals in warmer climates tend to have longer limbs.
Bones and Landmarks to Know
- Clavicle
- Scapula: Glenoid fossa, spine
- Humerus
- Ulna: Olecranon process, coronoid process
- Radius: Head
- Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
- Pelvis/Os Coxae: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
- Femur: Head, neck, medial and lateral condyles, greater/lesser trochanter
- Patella
- Tibia, Fibula
- Tarsals, Metatarsals
- Temporal: Mastoid process
- Occipital: Foramen magnum, nuchal lines
- Parietal, Frontal, Nasal, Zygomatic, Maxilla, Mandible
- Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar vertebrae
- Sacrum, Coccyx, Hyoid, Sternum, Ribs
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