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Questions and Answers
What term describes the process of acquiring gender role characteristics?
What term describes the process of acquiring gender role characteristics?
Which theory suggests that gender identity is formed through reinforcement and imitation of gender models?
Which theory suggests that gender identity is formed through reinforcement and imitation of gender models?
What is defined as the sense of gender identity not aligning with external experiences or chromosomes?
What is defined as the sense of gender identity not aligning with external experiences or chromosomes?
Which of the following refers to a positive stereotype that may still lead to unequal treatment?
Which of the following refers to a positive stereotype that may still lead to unequal treatment?
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What is a characteristic of androgyny?
What is a characteristic of androgyny?
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What cognitive advantage is generally observed in males?
What cognitive advantage is generally observed in males?
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What is the initial stage in the human sexual response cycle?
What is the initial stage in the human sexual response cycle?
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Which of the following influences is NOT typically associated with gender role development?
Which of the following influences is NOT typically associated with gender role development?
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Which of the following structures is NOT considered a primary sex characteristic in females?
Which of the following structures is NOT considered a primary sex characteristic in females?
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What is the role of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
What is the role of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?
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At what stage of development do primary sex characteristics begin to form?
At what stage of development do primary sex characteristics begin to form?
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Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic in females?
Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic in females?
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Which hormones are primarily responsible for female sexual characteristics?
Which hormones are primarily responsible for female sexual characteristics?
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Which of the following describes the meaning of intersex?
Which of the following describes the meaning of intersex?
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What physical change is NOT typically associated with male secondary sex characteristics?
What physical change is NOT typically associated with male secondary sex characteristics?
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Which male primary sex characteristic is responsible for holding the testes?
Which male primary sex characteristic is responsible for holding the testes?
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What is the final phase of the sexual response cycle called?
What is the final phase of the sexual response cycle called?
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Which of the following sexual orientations is characterized by attraction to both men and women?
Which of the following sexual orientations is characterized by attraction to both men and women?
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Which factor can influence the development of sexual orientation?
Which factor can influence the development of sexual orientation?
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Organic dysfunction in sexual functioning is typically caused by which of the following?
Organic dysfunction in sexual functioning is typically caused by which of the following?
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Which of the following is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection?
Which of the following is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection?
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What is a key characteristic of viral STIs such as genital herpes?
What is a key characteristic of viral STIs such as genital herpes?
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What percentage of men are estimated to experience at least one sexual dysfunction according to prevalence data?
What percentage of men are estimated to experience at least one sexual dysfunction according to prevalence data?
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What treatment is often used for sexual dysfunction?
What treatment is often used for sexual dysfunction?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes AIDS?
Which of the following statements accurately describes AIDS?
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How can environmentally contributed factors affect sexual orientation development?
How can environmentally contributed factors affect sexual orientation development?
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Study Notes
Primary Sex Characteristics
- Present at birth
- Female: vagina, uterus, ovaries
- Male: penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland
Secondary Sex Characteristics
- Develop during puberty
- Not directly involved in reproduction
- Female: growth spurt, menarche, breast development, mammary glands, widening hips, pubic hair, fat deposits on buttocks and thighs, further growth of uterus, vagina, and ovaries
- Male: enlarged larynx, deepening voice, facial and chest hair, pubic hair, coarser skin texture, large increase in height
Development of Sex Characteristics
- Gonads develop at 5 weeks in embryo
- Chromosomes determine release of male or female hormones
- Estrogens - female sex hormones
- Androgens - male sex hormones
- Intersex - term for a hermaphrodite, person with ambiguous sexual organs
Gender
- Psychological aspects of being male or female
- Gender Roles - cultural expectations for masculine or feminine behavior including attitudes, actions, and personality traits
- Gender Typing - process of acquiring gender role characteristics
- Gender Identity - individual's sense of being male or female
- Transgendered - gender identity does not match external experience or chromosomes
Biology and Environmental Influences on Gender
- Biological Influences: hormones, chromosomes, and evolutionary selection
- Environmental Influences: parenting, culture
- Individualistic societies are more accepting of non-traditional gender roles, especially for women
Gender Role Development
- Social Learning Theory: gender identity formed through reinforcement of appropriate gender behavior and imitation of gender models
- Gender Schema Theory: child develops a mental pattern (schema) for being male or female and organizes behavior around that schema
Gender Stereotyping
- Stereotype - concept about a person or group based on superficial characteristics
- Gender Stereotype - concept about a person or group based on being male or female
- Sexism - prejudice against males and/or females leading to unequal treatment
- Benevolent Sexism - acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that lead to unequal treatment
Androgyny
- Possessing positive personality characteristics of both males and females regardless of actual sex
- Research shows less depression in androgynous people compared to traditional men and women
Male and Female Gender Differences
- Cognitive Differences:
- Male advantage in mathematical and spatial skills
- Female superiority in verbal skills
- Decreasing differences
- Emotional Expression:
- Males tend to talk in a “report” style
- Females tend to talk in a “relate” style
Stages of Human Sexual Response
- Excitement: beginning of sexual arousal
- Plateau: physical changes from the first stage continue
- Orgasm: rhythmic contractions of vaginal walls or penis muscles
- Resolution: body returns to a normal state
Sexual Orientation
- Sexual orientation - a person’s sexual attraction preference for members of a particular sex
- Heterosexual - attracted to the opposite sex
- Homosexual - attracted to the same sex
- Bisexual - attracted to both men and women
Development of Sexual Orientation
- Coming to terms with identities
- Upbringing and environmental experiences
- Biological differences in the brains of heterosexual and homosexual males
- Birth order
- Neuroimaging studies:
- Heterosexual men and homosexual women were neurologically similar
- Homosexual men and heterosexual women were neurologically similar
- Genetic influences on sexual orientation
- Kin selection hypothesis
Sexual Dysfunction
- Problem with sexual functioning or physical workings of the sex act in one of three areas:
- Sexual interest
- Arousal
- Response
- Organic or stress-induced dysfunction - sexual problem caused by physical disorder or psychological stress
Causes and Influences of Sexual Dysfunction
- Organic Factors
- Sociocultural Factors
- Psychological Factors
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5
- Sexual desire or arousal disorders
- Disorders related to the physical act of intercourse
- Disorders related to the timing or inability to reach orgasm
Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction
- About 40 to 45 percent of women and 20 to 30 percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction, increasing with age
- Treatment options include medication, psychotherapy, hormone therapy, stress reduction, sex therapy, and behavioral training
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- Can affect sexual organs and the ability to reproduce
- May result in pain, disfigurement, and death
- Common bacterial STIs: chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea
- Treatable with antibiotics
- Viral STIs: genital herpes and genital warts
- Cannot be cured
- May lead to complications like cancer
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
- Sexually transmitted viral disorder
- Deterioration of the immune system
- Death due to infections the body can no longer fight
- Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- Drug treatments available but no cure
How to Stop the Spread of STIs
- Practice safe sex, e.g., use condoms
- Get tested regularly for STIs
- Seek treatment for any STIs you have
- Educate yourself about STIs
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Description
Explore the differences between primary and secondary sex characteristics, their development during puberty, and the role of chromosomes in sex differentiation. This quiz also delves into the psychological aspects of gender and the cultural expectations surrounding gender roles. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts of human biology and gender identity.