Human Sexual Characteristics and Gender Roles
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Questions and Answers

What term describes the process of acquiring gender role characteristics?

  • Gender schema
  • Gender typing (correct)
  • Gender identity
  • Gender stereotyping

    • Which theory suggests that gender identity is formed through reinforcement and imitation of gender models?

  • Gender schema theory
  • Cognitive development theory
  • Biological theory
  • Social learning theory (correct)

    • What is defined as the sense of gender identity not aligning with external experiences or chromosomes?

  • Androgyny
  • Transgendered (correct)
  • Gender typing
  • Gender schema

    • Which of the following refers to a positive stereotype that may still lead to unequal treatment?

    <p>Benevolent sexism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of androgyny?

    <p>Having combined positive traits of both genders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive advantage is generally observed in males?

    <p>Mathematical and spatial skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial stage in the human sexual response cycle?

    <p>Excitement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influences is NOT typically associated with gender role development?

    <p>Genetic predispositions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT considered a primary sex characteristic in females?

    <p>Breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the prostate gland in the male reproductive system?

    <p>Secretes fluid that nourishes sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development do primary sex characteristics begin to form?

    <p>At 5 weeks of embryonic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic in females?

    <p>Breast development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are primarily responsible for female sexual characteristics?

    <p>Estrogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the meaning of intersex?

    <p>A person with ambiguous sexual organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change is NOT typically associated with male secondary sex characteristics?

    <p>Onset of menarche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which male primary sex characteristic is responsible for holding the testes?

    <p>Scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final phase of the sexual response cycle called?

    <p>Resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sexual orientations is characterized by attraction to both men and women?

    <p>Bisexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can influence the development of sexual orientation?

    <p>Genetic influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Organic dysfunction in sexual functioning is typically caused by which of the following?

    <p>Physical disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection?

    <p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of viral STIs such as genital herpes?

    <p>Cannot be cured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of men are estimated to experience at least one sexual dysfunction according to prevalence data?

    <p>20 to 30 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is often used for sexual dysfunction?

    <p>Medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes AIDS?

    <p>It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can environmentally contributed factors affect sexual orientation development?

    <p>They can play a significant role alongside upbringing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Primary Sex Characteristics

    • Present at birth
    • Female: vagina, uterus, ovaries
    • Male: penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland

    Secondary Sex Characteristics

    • Develop during puberty
    • Not directly involved in reproduction
    • Female: growth spurt, menarche, breast development, mammary glands, widening hips, pubic hair, fat deposits on buttocks and thighs, further growth of uterus, vagina, and ovaries
    • Male: enlarged larynx, deepening voice, facial and chest hair, pubic hair, coarser skin texture, large increase in height

    Development of Sex Characteristics

    • Gonads develop at 5 weeks in embryo
    • Chromosomes determine release of male or female hormones
      • Estrogens - female sex hormones
      • Androgens - male sex hormones
    • Intersex - term for a hermaphrodite, person with ambiguous sexual organs

    Gender

    • Psychological aspects of being male or female
    • Gender Roles - cultural expectations for masculine or feminine behavior including attitudes, actions, and personality traits
    • Gender Typing - process of acquiring gender role characteristics
    • Gender Identity - individual's sense of being male or female
    • Transgendered - gender identity does not match external experience or chromosomes

    Biology and Environmental Influences on Gender

    • Biological Influences: hormones, chromosomes, and evolutionary selection
    • Environmental Influences: parenting, culture
      • Individualistic societies are more accepting of non-traditional gender roles, especially for women

    Gender Role Development

    • Social Learning Theory: gender identity formed through reinforcement of appropriate gender behavior and imitation of gender models
    • Gender Schema Theory: child develops a mental pattern (schema) for being male or female and organizes behavior around that schema

    Gender Stereotyping

    • Stereotype - concept about a person or group based on superficial characteristics
    • Gender Stereotype - concept about a person or group based on being male or female
    • Sexism - prejudice against males and/or females leading to unequal treatment
    • Benevolent Sexism - acceptance of positive stereotypes of males and females that lead to unequal treatment

    Androgyny

    • Possessing positive personality characteristics of both males and females regardless of actual sex
    • Research shows less depression in androgynous people compared to traditional men and women

    Male and Female Gender Differences

    • Cognitive Differences:
      • Male advantage in mathematical and spatial skills
      • Female superiority in verbal skills
      • Decreasing differences
    • Emotional Expression:
      • Males tend to talk in a “report” style
      • Females tend to talk in a “relate” style

    Stages of Human Sexual Response

    • Excitement: beginning of sexual arousal
    • Plateau: physical changes from the first stage continue
    • Orgasm: rhythmic contractions of vaginal walls or penis muscles
    • Resolution: body returns to a normal state

    Sexual Orientation

    • Sexual orientation - a person’s sexual attraction preference for members of a particular sex
      • Heterosexual - attracted to the opposite sex
      • Homosexual - attracted to the same sex
      • Bisexual - attracted to both men and women

    Development of Sexual Orientation

    • Coming to terms with identities
    • Upbringing and environmental experiences
    • Biological differences in the brains of heterosexual and homosexual males
    • Birth order
    • Neuroimaging studies:
      • Heterosexual men and homosexual women were neurologically similar
      • Homosexual men and heterosexual women were neurologically similar
    • Genetic influences on sexual orientation
    • Kin selection hypothesis

    Sexual Dysfunction

    • Problem with sexual functioning or physical workings of the sex act in one of three areas:
      • Sexual interest
      • Arousal
      • Response
    • Organic or stress-induced dysfunction - sexual problem caused by physical disorder or psychological stress

    Causes and Influences of Sexual Dysfunction

    • Organic Factors
    • Sociocultural Factors
    • Psychological Factors

    Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5

    • Sexual desire or arousal disorders
    • Disorders related to the physical act of intercourse
    • Disorders related to the timing or inability to reach orgasm

    Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction

    • About 40 to 45 percent of women and 20 to 30 percent of men have at least one sexual dysfunction, increasing with age
    • Treatment options include medication, psychotherapy, hormone therapy, stress reduction, sex therapy, and behavioral training

    Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

    • Can affect sexual organs and the ability to reproduce
    • May result in pain, disfigurement, and death
    • Common bacterial STIs: chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea
      • Treatable with antibiotics
    • Viral STIs: genital herpes and genital warts
      • Cannot be cured
      • May lead to complications like cancer

    AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

    • Sexually transmitted viral disorder
    • Deterioration of the immune system
    • Death due to infections the body can no longer fight
    • Caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
    • Drug treatments available but no cure

    How to Stop the Spread of STIs

    • Practice safe sex, e.g., use condoms
    • Get tested regularly for STIs
    • Seek treatment for any STIs you have
    • Educate yourself about STIs

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    Sexuality and Gender PDF

    Description

    Explore the differences between primary and secondary sex characteristics, their development during puberty, and the role of chromosomes in sex differentiation. This quiz also delves into the psychological aspects of gender and the cultural expectations surrounding gender roles. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts of human biology and gender identity.

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