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What is the function of the pelvic floor?
Which muscle supports the urethra, vagina, and rectum?
What type of pelvis is most favorable for delivery?
What is the function of the false pelvis?
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What is the function of the true pelvis?
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What is the function of the breasts as accessory organs of reproduction?
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What is the main function of the nipple?
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What are Kegel exercises designed to strengthen?
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What area can cause death due to losing blood quickly?
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Which bones form the birth passageway?
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What structures provide nourishment and maternal antibodies to an infant?
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What muscles support reproductive organs and stabilize them?
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Which hormone stimulates the release of milk during nursing?
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What causes the corpus luteum to degenerate if the ovum is not fertilized?
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During the menstrual phase, which hormones are low?
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What is stored and carried by the epididymis to the penis?
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What causes premenstrual pain, also known as Mittelschmerz?
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Which phase of the uterine cycle involves the sloughing off of the endometrium?
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What is the primary function of the bulbourethral glands?
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What causes cessation of menstruation during menopause?
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What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breast?
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Which hormone stimulates final maturation and release of the ovum during the ovarian cycle?
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What stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicle during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is responsible for expelling urine from the bladder and depositing sperm into the female's vagina?
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Which hormone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breast buds, growth spurt, and hips broadening in females?
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What is the function of the Fallopian tubes?
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What is the main function of the myometrium?
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What is the site of episiotomy in females?
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Which hormone stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining and a decrease in its levels causes menses?
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What is the main function of the cervix?
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What is the function of the vaginal vestibule?
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What is the function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
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During which phase of the uterine cycle does the endometrium thicken under the influence of progesterone?
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Which hormone stimulates maturation of the ovarian follicle during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What causes cessation of menstruation during menopause?
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What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breast?
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What is the main function of the levator ani muscle?
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Which phase of the uterine cycle involves the sloughing off of the endometrium?
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What is the primary function of the nipple?
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What type of pelvis is most favorable for delivery?
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Which hormone is responsible for the enlargement of vocal cords and deepening of the voice in males?
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What stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?
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What is the main function of the Fallopian tubes?
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What is the site of episiotomy in females?
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What stimulates the release of milk during nursing?
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Which hormone causes cessation of menstruation during menopause?
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What is the primary function of Skene’s ducts in the female reproductive system?
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What is the main function of the labia minora in the female reproductive system?
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What is the function of the Broad Ligaments in the female reproductive system?
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What stimulates thickening of the uterine lining, and a decrease in its levels causes menses in the female reproductive system?
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Which part of the female reproductive system provides a passageway for sperm to enter the uterus?
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What is the primary function of the mons pubis in the female reproductive system?
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What is the function of the uterus in the female reproductive system?
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What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the female reproductive system?
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What is the main function of Bartholin glands in the female reproductive system?
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What is stored and carried by the epididymis to the penis in the male reproductive system?
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What is the main function of the seminal vesicles in the male reproductive system?
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What is the function of the prepuce in the male reproductive system?
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During which phase of the uterine cycle does the endometrium thicken under the influence of progesterone?
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What is the main function of the bulbourethral glands in the male reproductive system?
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Which hormone stimulates the release of milk during nursing?
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What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breast?
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What is responsible for expelling urine from the bladder and depositing sperm into the female's vagina?
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What is responsible for ovulation?
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What is responsible for thickening endometrium under influence of progesterone?
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Which structure is responsible for supporting and protecting the pelvic organs?
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What type of pelvis is described as 'wedge-shaped/narrow anterior segment'?
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What is the primary function of the nipples in the context of the reproductive system?
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Which phase of the uterine cycle involves the sloughing off of the endometrium?
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What hormone stimulates the release of milk during nursing?
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Which muscle supports the urethra, vagina, and rectum?
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What are Kegel exercises designed to strengthen?
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Study Notes
- The text discusses both the male and female reproductive systems, including secondary sex characteristics, hormonal changes, and anatomy.
- Female: Estrogen released from developing ovaries causes secondary sex characteristics such as breast development, growth spurt, widening hips, and the first menstrual period. Estrogen is cyclical.
- Male: Testosterone causes secondary sex characteristics including increased muscle mass and strength, growth of long bones, basal metabolic rate increase, production of red blood cells, deep voice, and body hair growth. Testosterone levels become constant.
- Female: External genitalia includes the vulva, mons pubis, labia majora and minora, fourchette, clitoris, vaginal vestibule, and perineum. These areas protect and lubricate the genitalia, and some glands raise pH to enhance sperm motility.
- Internal female reproductive organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Ovaries produce hormones and mature ovum. Fallopian tubes transport ovum to the uterus. Uterus provides a safe environment for fertilized ovum to develop into an embryo.
- The uterus, vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are very vascular and can bruise easily, leading to quick blood loss.
- The bony pelvis supports and distributes body weight, protects pelvic organs, and forms the birth passageway.
- The breasts are accessory organs of reproduction that produce milk after birth and provide nourishment to infants. The nipple is a protruding structure where milk is expressed, and the areola is the darkened pigmented skin around the nipple.
- Female: Estrogen causes the development of secondary sex characteristics and endometrial growth, while progesterone stimulates thickening of the uterine lining and decreases caused menstruation.
- Male: Hormonal changes begin between 10 and 16 years old and include an increase in muscle mass and strength, growth of long bones, basal metabolic rate increase, production of red blood cells, and the growth of body and facial hair.
- Female: External genitalia includes the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, fourchette, clitoris, and perineum. The mons pubis protects the symphysis pubis, labia majora are two folds of fatty tissue, and the clitoris is the most sensitive part of the female genitalia.
- Female: The vaginal vestibule is between the labia majora and contains the urethral meatus, vaginal introitus, hymen, ducts of the Bartholin glands, and Skene's ducts. The Bartholin glands lubricate the introitus during sexual arousal and raise pH to enhance sperm motility.
- Side view of the internal female reproductive organs includes the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The ovary is almond-shaped and walnut size, and functions include production of hormones, maturation of ovum, and the production of all the ova a female has during her reproductive years.
- The fallopian tubes are the passageway for sperm to meet the ovum and transport the ovum or zygote to the corpus of the uterus. They are divided into infundibulum and fimbriae, ampulla, and isthmus.
- The uterus is a hollow muscular organ where the fertilized ovum implants and develops into an embryo. It is shaped like an upside-down pear and lies between the urinary bladder and rectum, above the vagina. The uterus is supported by large ligaments and has an autonomic nerve supply.
- The cervix consists of a cervical canal with an internal opening near the uterine corpus and an opening into the vagina. The cervix dips into the vagina forming fornices, and the posterior fornix is larger.
- The layers of the uterus include the endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium (epimetrium). The endometrium is governed by hormone cyclical changes and sloughs off during menstruation.
- The vagina is a tubular structure that connects the vulva to the uterus and functions as a passageway for sperm to enter the uterus, allow drainage of menstrual fluids and other secretions, and provide a passageway for delivery of the fetus. During reproductive years, the vagina has a pH of 4 to 5.
- The bony pelvis includes two innominate bones, sacrum, and coccyx, which support and distribute body weight, support and protect pelvic organs, and form the birth passageway.
- The pelvic floor is a strong muscle system that stabilizes reproductive organs and includes the levator ani muscle that supports the urethra, vagina, and rectum. Kegel exercises strengthen this muscle.
- The pelvis comes in two types: gynecoid and android. The gynecoid pelvis is most favorable for delivery, guides the fetus into the true pelvis, and has a wider true pelvis. The android pelvis is wedge-shaped and narrow anterior segment, more common in males.
- The true pelvis is the dictator of the bony limits of the birth canal and supports the enlarging uterus and guides the fetus into the true pelvis.
- The breasts are accessory organs of reproduction that produce milk after birth and provide nourishment and maternal antibodies to the infant. The nipple is a toughened protruding structure at the end of the breast where milk is expressed, and the areola is the darkened pigmented skin around the nipple.
- The nipple and areola are sensitive to touch and play a role in breastfeeding.
- The breasts undergo changes during pregnancy and lactation, including an increase in size, changes in color, and the production of milk.
- Breastfeeding provides numerous benefits to both the mother and infant, including improved bonding, better nutrition, and a reduced risk of certain health issues.
- The text also mentions that the reproductive organs are very vascular and that a woman can bruise easily and lose blood quickly from this area, which can lead to death.- Breast structure: Contains tubercles of Montgomery, small sebaceous glands within the areola, and 15-24 lobes, each with alveolar glands passing milk through lactiferous ducts which open at the nipple
- Milk production: Hormonally controlled with a high level of progesterone and estrogen during pregnancy, which prepares glands for milk delivery. After delivery, estrogen and progesterone drop, causing prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary, stimulating milk production
- Menstruation cycle: Consists of regular changes in secretions of the anterior pituitary gland, ovary, and endometrial lining of the uterus, with four hormones (hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, ovary) needed for the process. Ovulation occurs when a mature ovum is released from a follicle about 14 days before the onset of menstruation
- Uterine cycle: Consists of four phases: menstrual, proliferative, luteal, and ischemic. Menstruation occurs when the endometrium sloughs off, with low levels of all hormones. The proliferative phase grows and thickens the endometrium under the influence of increasing FSH and estrogen levels, while ovulation occurs around day 14 when LH is released
- Luteal phase: The follicle ruptures to form the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone and thickens the endometrium. If not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone levels drop, causing the endometrium to breakdown and resulting in menstruation
- Male reproductive system: Consists of external genitalia (penis, scrotum) and internal genitalia (testes, epididymis, spermatic cord). The testes manufacture sperm in seminiferous tubules and secrete male hormones, which promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Sperm is deposited in the female's vagina during sexual intercourse, and the penis contains three cylinders of erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum) that trap blood for an erection. The scrotum, which keeps the testes cooler than the rest of the body, is divided into two compartments and suspends the testes from the perineum.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the hormonal changes and secondary sex characteristics that occur during puberty for both females and males.
