Human Respiratory Anatomy and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the ciliated mucous membranes in the upper respiratory tract?

  • To provide structural support
  • To facilitate gas exchange
  • To produce vocal sounds
  • To trap foreign materials (correct)

Which part of the pharynx is located behind the mouth?

  • Trachea
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx (correct)
  • Laryngeal pharynx

How many lobes does the right lung contain?

  • Four lobes
  • Five lobes
  • Three lobes (correct)
  • Two lobes

What structure protects the larynx during swallowing?

<p>Epiglottis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sequence of air passage from the larynx to the alveoli?

<p>Larynx → Trachea → Main bronchi → Alveoli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Prednisolone that patients should be aware of?

<p>Weight gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used specifically as a bronchodilator for asthma symptoms?

<p>Albuterol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What teaching point is important for patients using inhaled medications like Advair HFA and Symbicort?

<p>Daily use for control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk for children with recurrent ear infections?

<p>Hearing issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a priority nursing diagnosis for a child with asthma?

<p>Impaired gas exchange (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is crucial for maintaining clear airways in infants?

<p>Gentle suction if necessary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in hydration management for children with respiratory distress?

<p>Ensuring proper hydration to thin secretions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action should be taken to support the emotional well-being of a child experiencing respiratory distress?

<p>Reduce anxiety and provide comfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should caregivers be educated regarding RSV management?

<p>Recognize signs of respiratory distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about RSV treatment?

<p>The use of antiviral medications can cure RSV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which position is recommended to enhance breathing efficacy in a child with respiratory issues?

<p>Elevating the head of the bed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)?

<p>It leads to thick, sticky mucus obstruction of organs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In managing RSV, what should NOT be included in the caregiver's education?

<p>Administer antibiotics when needed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the genetic transmission pattern of Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>It is autosomal recessive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likelihood of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis if both parents are carriers?

<p>25% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest clinical sign of Cystic Fibrosis in neonates?

<p>Meconium ileus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sweat chloride level that confirms a diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Above 60 mEq/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for children with Cystic Fibrosis to take pancreatic enzymes with their first bite of food?

<p>To ensure proper digestion and absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following demographics shows the highest incidence of Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Whites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate life expectancy for a person diagnosed with Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>44 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for the digestion of fat-soluble vitamins in children with Cystic Fibrosis?

<p>Enzyme supplementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct positioning intervention to improve oxygenation?

<p>Elevating the head of the bed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate action when administering pancreatic enzymes to a young child?

<p>Give capsules whole without crushing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dosage range of pancreatic enzymes for a baby weighing 6.2 kg?

<p>50-75 mg per day (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you avoid when preparing pancreatic enzyme granules for a child?

<p>Combining with milk or formula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is NOT included in nursing actions to improve oxygenation?

<p>Turning the patient every hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body temperature indicates a potential case of hyperthermia?

<p>Above 37.6° C (99.7°F) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of hyperthermia?

<p>Pale or blue skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with inadequate ventilation in the late stage?

<p>Cyanosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common respiratory trigger for an asthma attack?

<p>Cold air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of hypothermia?

<p>Cold skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom indicates adequate ventilation?

<p>Regular breathing pattern (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sign may infants show to indicate hyperthermia?

<p>Excessive sweat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can indicate dehydration in a child experiencing hyperthermia?

<p>Dry mouth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Components

The nose, pharynx, and larynx are the components of the upper respiratory tract.

Lower Respiratory Tract Components

The trachea, bronchi, and lungs make up the lower respiratory tract.

Pharynx Divisions

The pharynx is divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngeal pharynx.

Trachea to Lungs

The trachea branches into bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles and alveoli for gas exchange in lungs.

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Lung Lobes

The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two lobes.

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RSV Respiratory Symptoms in Infants

RSV causes cold-like symptoms in most, but can cause serious lung infections in infants and young children due to thickened mucus obstruction.

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Nursing Interventions for RSV

Monitor respiratory status, support oxygenation, ensure hydration, maintain clear airways, positioning, infection control, symptom management, educate caregivers, nutritional and emotional support

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RSV Caregiver Education

Recognize respiratory distress signs, practice good hand hygiene, keep child hydrated, use cool-mist humidifier, manage fever, avoid smoke, use nasal saline drops/suctioning, know when to seek medical help, isolate child, encourage rest

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Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Description

Genetic disorder causing thick mucus that obstructs organs like lungs, intestines, and pancreas.

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Airway Patency Maintenance

Positioning to keep airway open, and gentle suction for infants, if necessary.

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Oxygen Therapy for Infants

Provide supplemental oxygen according to protocol to maintain adequate oxygen saturation.

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Fluid Management in RSV

Ensure proper hydration to help thin secretions for easier clearance.

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Positioning for Respiratory Comfort

Posture that eases breathing, e.g., elevating head of bed.

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CF Transmission

Cystic Fibrosis is passed down through genes. Both parents must carry the CF gene for their child to inherit the condition.

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CF Incidence

Cystic Fibrosis is more common in White populations than in Black, Hispanic, or Asian populations.

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Early CF Diagnosis

Most children with Cystic Fibrosis are diagnosed before they reach the age of two.

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CF Impact

Cystic Fibrosis causes chronic issues across multiple organ systems, mainly affecting the lungs and digestive system.

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CF Lifespan

The life expectancy for someone with Cystic Fibrosis has significantly improved due to advancements in treatment.

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Earliest CF Sign

Meconium ileus, a blockage in the intestines of newborns, is the first sign of Cystic Fibrosis.

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Confirming CF Diagnosis

A sweat test showing high chloride levels, along with positive DNA testing for CF mutations, confirms a Cystic Fibrosis diagnosis.

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Pancreatic Enzyme Timing

Children with CF need pancreatic enzymes with every meal, especially taken with the first bite of food.

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Prednisolone

A steroid medication used to reduce inflammation in chronic conditions like asthma. It is taken by mouth.

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Albuterol

A quick-relief medicine used to open up the airways in the lungs, providing faster relief from asthma symptoms like wheezing and shortness of breath.

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Advair HFA

Combines a steroid (fluticasone propionate) and a long-acting beta agonist (LABA) (salmeterol) for long-term control of asthma symptoms.

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Symbicort

Combines a steroid (budesonide) and a long-acting beta agonist (LABA) (formoterol) for managing asthma and COPD.

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Otitis Media

An ear infection that causes inflammation and fluid buildup behind the eardrum.

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Pancreatic Enzyme Dosage

Always follow the prescribed dosage of pancreatic enzymes.

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Pancreatic Enzyme Storage

Store pancreatic enzymes in a cool and dry place to maintain their effectiveness.

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Pancreatic Enzyme Monitoring

Observe for improvements in digestion after administering pancreatic enzymes.

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Hyperthermia Body Temperature

A body temperature above 37.5°C (99.5°F) when measured rectally.

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Hyperthermia Skin

The skin may feel hot and appear flushed or red.

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Hyperthermia Sweating

Infants may sweat excessively in an attempt to cool down.

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Hypothermia Body Temperature

A body temperature below 36.5°C (97.7°F) when measured rectally.

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Hypothermia Skin

The skin feels cold to the touch, especially on extremities like hands and feet.

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Hypothermia Lethargy

Decreased activity or response to stimuli.

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Adequate Ventilation

Normal respiratory rate and pattern, adequate chest expansion, normal skin color, clear breath sounds, good oxygen saturation, and effective cough.

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Inadequate Ventilation Early Signs

Apprehension, irritability, confusion, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, and slightly high blood pressure.

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Study Notes

Upper Respiratory Tract Anatomy & Function

  • Components: Nose, pharynx, larynx
  • Air Pathway: Enters through nostrils or mouth → nasal cavities → pharynx
  • Pharynx Divisions: Nasopharynx (behind nasal cavity), Oropharynx (behind mouth), Laryngeal pharynx (leads to larynx)
  • Larynx: Contains vocal cords; above trachea. Protected by epiglottis during swallowing.
  • Function: Filters, warms, and humidifies air. Ciliated mucous membranes trap foreign materials. Tonsils (palatine, lingual, adenoids) aid in bacterial filtering.

Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy & Function

  • Components: Trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • Trachea to Lungs: Trachea connects larynx to lungs → splits into right/left main bronchi → smaller bronchi and bronchioles → alveoli for gas exchange.
  • Lung Lobes: Right lung (three lobes), left lung (two lobes)
  • Pleurae: Two-layered membranes surrounding lungs, ensure stability and facilitate gas diffusion.
  • Function: Conducts air to alveoli for oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange. The alveolar walls and adjacent capillaries facilitate this process.

Differences Between Children and Adults (Respiratory)

  • Premature infants lack sufficient surfactant, increasing the risk of Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS).
  • Smaller, less developed airways make children more prone to obstruction from mucus, swelling, and foreign bodies.
  • Neonates have a significantly smaller airway size, a more compliant chest wall, and weaker respiratory muscles.
  • Children have a higher respiratory rate and increased oxygen needs due to a higher metabolic rate
  • Alveoli number increases significantly by age 3, with lung growth continuing into adolescence.
  • Anatomical features in children (e.g., horizontally oriented Eustachian tubes, larger tonsillar tissue) can contribute to risk factors
  • Children rely on abdominal muscles for inhalation until about age 5 or 6.

Nursing Interventions for Impaired Gas Exchange

  • Assess Respiratory Status: Check respiratory rate and look for distress signs (e.g., grunting, nasal flaring).
  • Oxygenation: Administer prescribed oxygen therapy and monitor saturation levels.
  • Airway Management: Perform gentle suctioning as needed and encourage position changes for secretion clearance.
  • Support Effective Breathing: Keep the environment smoke-free and promote deep breathing exercises for older children.
  • Nutrition and Hydration: Ensure adequate fluid intake and coordinate nutritional support.
  • Medication Administration: Provide prescribed medications (e.g., bronchodilators) and monitor for side effects.
  • Educate Parents/Caregivers: Teach signs of respiratory distress and proper medication/oxygen use at home.
  • Positioning: Use upright or semi-Fowler's position to facilitate easier breathing.
  • Infection Control: Implement strict hand hygiene and reduce exposure to infections.
  • Provide Emotional Support: Offer support to the child and family, addressing any concerns.

Signs of Respiratory Distress in Infants/Children

  • Increased Respiratory Rate: Breathing faster than normal for their age.
  • Nasal Flaring: Widening of nostrils with each breath.
  • Retractions: Indrawing of the chest wall, especially around the ribs and sternum, during breathing.
  • Grunting: A grunting sound at the end of each breath.
  • Cyanosis: A bluish color of the skin, indicating low oxygen levels.
  • Wheezing or Stridor: High-pitched whistling or harsh sounds when breathing.

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

  • RSV is a common respiratory virus, causing mild, cold-like symptoms in most people, but leading to serious lung infections, especially in infants and young children.
  • Nursing Interventions: Monitor respiratory status, support oxygenation, ensure hydration, maintain clear airways, positioning, infection control, symptom management, educate caregivers, nutritional support, and emotional support.
  • Teaching Parents/Caregivers: Recognize signs of respiratory distress, practice good hand hygiene, keep the child hydrated, use a cool-mist humidifier, manage fever, avoid smoke exposure, understand nasal saline drops and suctioning, know when to seek medical attention, isolate the child from people with colds or crowds, encourage rest and provide a comfortable sleeping position.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

  • CF is a lethal genetic disorder characterized by thick, sticky mucus obstructing organs like bronchioles, small intestine, and pancreatic/bile ducts.
  • CF stems from mutations in the CFTR gene, impacting chloride channels in epithelial cells and altering mucus production.
  • Transmission: Autosomal recessive disorder; both parents need to be carriers for the child to be affected (25% chance per pregnancy).
  • Incidence: Approximately 1 in 3,500 live births (in White children).

Pancreatic Enzymes

  • Aid digestion (necessary when pancreas isn't performing optimally)
  • Administer with meals/snacks.
  • Specific instructions vary for dosage, route, and timing depending on the drug; follow doctor's instructions carefully.

Other Respiratory Conditions (Otitis Media, Asthma, etc.)

  • Detailed information on specific conditions like Otitis Media (ear infections), asthma, immune or resp deficiencies, and related interventions/education/prevention, with consideration for respective patient needs.

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Pediatric Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy and function of the human respiratory system. This quiz covers both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, including the components, pathways, and key functions of each part. Understand how air travels and how respiratory structures aid in gas exchange.

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