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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
Which of the following best describes the thoracic cage?
Which of the following best describes the thoracic cage?
What term would describe an anatomical position that is closer to the feet?
What term would describe an anatomical position that is closer to the feet?
Which of the following muscles are involved in respiration?
Which of the following muscles are involved in respiration?
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Which structure is NOT part of the thoracic cage?
Which structure is NOT part of the thoracic cage?
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During which process does the thoracic cage change its volume to allow lung expansion?
During which process does the thoracic cage change its volume to allow lung expansion?
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Which anatomical term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body?
Which anatomical term refers to a position closer to the midline of the body?
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What major system's components are protected by the thoracic cage?
What major system's components are protected by the thoracic cage?
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What is the main role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
What is the main role of the epiglottis during swallowing?
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Which part of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavities?
Which part of the pharynx is located posterior to the nasal cavities?
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What structure allows air to pass into the trachea from the larynx?
What structure allows air to pass into the trachea from the larynx?
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What defines the laryngopharynx?
What defines the laryngopharynx?
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What anatomical feature is primarily responsible for the shared passage of air and food in the throat?
What anatomical feature is primarily responsible for the shared passage of air and food in the throat?
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What structure is primarily involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
What structure is primarily involved in gas exchange in the respiratory system?
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In which part of the pharynx does the transition between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity occur?
In which part of the pharynx does the transition between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity occur?
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What function does the hard palate serve in the oral cavity?
What function does the hard palate serve in the oral cavity?
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Which characteristics identify rib 1 as atypical?
Which characteristics identify rib 1 as atypical?
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What distinguishes rib 2 from rib 1?
What distinguishes rib 2 from rib 1?
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How do ribs 11 and 12 relate to their corresponding vertebrae?
How do ribs 11 and 12 relate to their corresponding vertebrae?
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Which ribs are classified as typical ribs?
Which ribs are classified as typical ribs?
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What feature do costovertebral joints provide?
What feature do costovertebral joints provide?
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Which aspect of rib 10 makes it atypical?
Which aspect of rib 10 makes it atypical?
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How do the thoracic vertebrae change in size?
How do the thoracic vertebrae change in size?
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What type of surfaces do typical ribs possess?
What type of surfaces do typical ribs possess?
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How many bronchopulmonary segments are found in the right lung?
How many bronchopulmonary segments are found in the right lung?
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What is the primary feature that distinguishes the left lung from the right lung?
What is the primary feature that distinguishes the left lung from the right lung?
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What do the pulmonary arteries primarily carry?
What do the pulmonary arteries primarily carry?
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What is the hilum in relation to the lungs?
What is the hilum in relation to the lungs?
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The aorta transitions into which artery after passing through the diaphragm?
The aorta transitions into which artery after passing through the diaphragm?
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From where do bronchial arteries typically arise?
From where do bronchial arteries typically arise?
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Which statement about pulmonary circulation is correct?
Which statement about pulmonary circulation is correct?
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Which of the following arteries does NOT supply blood to the upper limbs?
Which of the following arteries does NOT supply blood to the upper limbs?
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What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the primary role of surfactant in the alveoli?
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At what gestational age does surfactant production typically begin in a developing fetus?
At what gestational age does surfactant production typically begin in a developing fetus?
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What condition is most likely to occur in premature babies due to insufficient surfactant?
What condition is most likely to occur in premature babies due to insufficient surfactant?
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Which cells are primarily responsible for mucus production in the large airway epithelium?
Which cells are primarily responsible for mucus production in the large airway epithelium?
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How do type I and II alveolar epithelial cells contribute to gas exchange?
How do type I and II alveolar epithelial cells contribute to gas exchange?
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What morphological change occurs in the airway epithelium as it moves distally from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
What morphological change occurs in the airway epithelium as it moves distally from the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
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What anatomical structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
What anatomical structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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What is the main function of the lungs?
What is the main function of the lungs?
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What structure does the left bronchial vein drain into?
What structure does the left bronchial vein drain into?
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What is a consequence of the enlargement of the inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes?
What is a consequence of the enlargement of the inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes?
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Which part of the diaphragm is formed by muscle fibers that unite as a central tendon?
Which part of the diaphragm is formed by muscle fibers that unite as a central tendon?
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How is the diaphragm primarily innervated?
How is the diaphragm primarily innervated?
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What movements increase the thoracic cavity size during inhalation?
What movements increase the thoracic cavity size during inhalation?
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Which openings in the diaphragm allow for the passage of important structures?
Which openings in the diaphragm allow for the passage of important structures?
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Which part of the diaphragm originates from the lumbar vertebrae?
Which part of the diaphragm originates from the lumbar vertebrae?
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What occurs during the relaxation of the diaphragm?
What occurs during the relaxation of the diaphragm?
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What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
What is the primary function of surfactant in the alveoli?
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What is lung compliance defined as?
What is lung compliance defined as?
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How does air primarily move during ventilation?
How does air primarily move during ventilation?
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What structural feature contributes to the large surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs?
What structural feature contributes to the large surface area available for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs?
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Which condition is likely to reduce lung compliance?
Which condition is likely to reduce lung compliance?
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What effect does surface tension have on smaller alveoli compared to larger ones?
What effect does surface tension have on smaller alveoli compared to larger ones?
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What role does elastic tissue in the lungs perform during exhalation?
What role does elastic tissue in the lungs perform during exhalation?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with a loss of lung elasticity?
Which of the following conditions is associated with a loss of lung elasticity?
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Which cells are described as potential precursors to ciliated cells in the respiratory epithelium?
Which cells are described as potential precursors to ciliated cells in the respiratory epithelium?
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Which cell type occupies most of the alveolar surface area?
Which cell type occupies most of the alveolar surface area?
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What is the role of alveolar connective tissue during gas exchange?
What is the role of alveolar connective tissue during gas exchange?
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What is included in the three processes required for respiration?
What is included in the three processes required for respiration?
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Which physiological factor influences gas exchange in the lungs?
Which physiological factor influences gas exchange in the lungs?
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What condition is associated with a deficiency of surfactant, particularly in neonates?
What condition is associated with a deficiency of surfactant, particularly in neonates?
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What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells?
What is the primary function of type II alveolar cells?
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How many breaths does a normal human take per minute at rest?
How many breaths does a normal human take per minute at rest?
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What factor can lead to impaired gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
What factor can lead to impaired gas exchange between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries?
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Why is the blood-gas barrier in the lungs described as extremely thin?
Why is the blood-gas barrier in the lungs described as extremely thin?
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In relation to alveolar structure, which cell type occupies about 7% of the alveolar surface?
In relation to alveolar structure, which cell type occupies about 7% of the alveolar surface?
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Which components make up the upper respiratory system?
Which components make up the upper respiratory system?
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Which zone of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which zone of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
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What volume of air is typically inspired and expired in each breath?
What volume of air is typically inspired and expired in each breath?
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How does the cardiovascular system assist the respiratory system?
How does the cardiovascular system assist the respiratory system?
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What occurs during external (pulmonary) respiration?
What occurs during external (pulmonary) respiration?
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What principle governs the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure in the lungs?
What principle governs the relationship between the volume of a gas and its pressure in the lungs?
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Which muscle plays the most significant role in the act of inhalation?
Which muscle plays the most significant role in the act of inhalation?
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Which is true about expiration at rest?
Which is true about expiration at rest?
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During which activity does expiration become an active process?
During which activity does expiration become an active process?
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Which nerves are responsible for supplying the diaphragm?
Which nerves are responsible for supplying the diaphragm?
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What happens to air in the lungs when the volume of the thorax is decreased?
What happens to air in the lungs when the volume of the thorax is decreased?
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What indicates the difference in intrathoracic volume during respiration?
What indicates the difference in intrathoracic volume during respiration?
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What occurs in the lungs during inhalation as the thoracic volume increases?
What occurs in the lungs during inhalation as the thoracic volume increases?
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What is the normal ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) ratio for the whole lungs?
What is the normal ventilation-perfusion (V-Q) ratio for the whole lungs?
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In an upright lung, where is the ventilation greater than perfusion?
In an upright lung, where is the ventilation greater than perfusion?
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Which condition is associated with a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Which condition is associated with a decreased ventilation-perfusion ratio?
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Where is blood flow the greatest in the lungs of an upright person?
Where is blood flow the greatest in the lungs of an upright person?
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What occurs to the tidal volume during inhalation at the base of the lungs?
What occurs to the tidal volume during inhalation at the base of the lungs?
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Which of the following conditions would likely lead to an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?
Which of the following conditions would likely lead to an increased ventilation-perfusion ratio?
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What anatomical effect leads to increased ventilation from the top to the bottom of the lungs?
What anatomical effect leads to increased ventilation from the top to the bottom of the lungs?
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What factor contributes to limited gas exchange despite adequate blood flow reaching the alveoli?
What factor contributes to limited gas exchange despite adequate blood flow reaching the alveoli?
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What triggers an increase in the frequency and depth of breathing?
What triggers an increase in the frequency and depth of breathing?
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Which factor influences respiratory control during exercise?
Which factor influences respiratory control during exercise?
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What is one additional function of the lungs aside from gas exchange?
What is one additional function of the lungs aside from gas exchange?
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What is the primary receptor for the COVID-19 virus during its initial infection stage?
What is the primary receptor for the COVID-19 virus during its initial infection stage?
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Which of the following statements about voluntary control of breathing is true?
Which of the following statements about voluntary control of breathing is true?
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What effect do peripheral chemoreceptors have on respiratory control?
What effect do peripheral chemoreceptors have on respiratory control?
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What happens when two triggers simultaneously occur regarding PCO2 and PO2 levels?
What happens when two triggers simultaneously occur regarding PCO2 and PO2 levels?
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What role do heparin-producing cells in the lungs serve?
What role do heparin-producing cells in the lungs serve?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
- The respiratory system is divided into upper and lower parts
- Upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and part of the pharynx above the vocal cords
- Lower respiratory system includes the larynx below the vocal cords, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs
- The bony thoracic cage protects the internal thoracic viscera (heart and lungs) and changes its volume during inhalation/exhalation to allow the lungs to expand.
- The thoracic cage is made up of the sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.
Terminology Recap
- Superior: Towards the head
- Inferior: Towards the feet
- Anterior/Ventral: Towards the front
- Posterior/Dorsal: Towards the back
- Medial: Closer to the midline
- Lateral: Further away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the trunk
- Distal: Further away from the trunk
- Superficial: Closer to the surface of the body
- Deep: Closer to the center of the body
Learning Outcomes
- M1.I.RES.ANA1: Outline the anatomy and histology of the respiratory tract and tracheobronchial tree.
- M1.I.RES.ANA2: Describe the anatomical features of the lungs, including major neurovascular supply.
- M1.I.RES.ANA3: Outline the primary and accessory muscles involved in respiration and the mechanism of breathing.
- M1.I.RES.ANA4: Describe the structures of the thoracic cage and outline the divisions and major contents of the thoracic cavity.
- M1.I.RES.ANA5: Outline the anatomical positions and relationships of thoracic structures in relation to surface anatomy.
The Nasal Cavity
- Air enters the nose via the nasal cavity.
- Nasal conchae are bony projections lined with mucosa increasing the surface area to warm, humidify, and filter the air.
- The nasal cavity has superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae.
The Oral Cavity
- The oral cavity acts as an air inlet and lies inferior to the nasal cavity.
- It's bordered by a hard palate superiorly and a soft palate posteriorly.
- The soft palate ends in the uvula.
The Pharynx
- The pharynx is a part of the respiratory and digestive systems.
- It's divided into three parts: Nasopharynx(posterior to nasal cavities), Oropharynx (posterior to oral cavity), and Laryngopharynx (extends from superior margin of epiglottis to top of esophagus).
The Tracheobronchial Tree
- The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles form the tracheobronchial tree, a system of airways allowing passage of air into the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Laryngeal Cartilage
- The larynx contains vocal cords that vibrate to create sound.
- Air travels from the larynx into the trachea.
The Ribs
- Ribs are a set of 12 pairs of bones that form the protective cage of the thorax.
- Ribs 1-7 are true ribs, articulating directly with the sternum via costal cartilages.
- Ribs 8-10 are false ribs, as their costal cartilages attach to the costal cartilages of the ribs above them.
- Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs, with no anterior connection to the sternum or other ribs.
- Typical ribs have a head, neck, and body(shaft).
- Atypical ribs have variations in features (e.g., Rib 1, 2, 10, 11 and 12)
The Sternum
- The sternum is a flat bone located anteriorly in the thoracic cage.
- It has three parts: Manubrium, Body, and Xiphoid process.
- The sternal angle(angle of Louis) is where the manubrium and body meet, marking the level of the T4 vertebra.
The Bronchi
- The trachea bifurcates (divides) into two primary bronchi (left and right)
- The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left.
The Secondary Bronchi
- The primary bronchi further divide into secondary (lobar) bronchi.
- The right lung has three secondary bronchi, and the left has two.
The Tertiary Bronchi
- The secondary bronchi further divide into tertiary (segmental) bronchi, usually 10 for each lung.
Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles have no cartilage.
- Respiratory bronchioles branch from terminal bronchioles, leading to alveolar ducts and alveoli (air sacs).
Alveoli
- Tiny air sacs where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) takes place.
- The walls of the alveoli are lined with simple squamous epithelium(pneumocytes).
- Surfactant is a substance secreted by type 2 pneumocytes that reduces surface tension in alveoli preventing them from collapsing.
The Pleura
- Each lung is enclosed in a serous membrane called a pleura. Consists of a parietal pleura (outer layer, attached to thoracic cavity) and a visceral pleura (inner layer, attached to the lung).
- The thin space between the layers is the pleural cavity which contains pleural fluid.
- Pleural fluid enables smooth movement of the lungs during breathing by reducing friction.
Lobes of the Lungs
- The lungs are divided into lobes, three in the right lung and two in the left
- The lobes are separated by fissures (oblique and horizontal).
The Hilum of the Lungs
- The hilum is a medial aspect of each lung where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit.
Bronchopulmonary Segments
- The lungs are further divided into segments (10 segments per lung) for independent removal or assessment.
Pulmonary Circulation
- Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
- Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs.
The Diaphragm
- The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration.
- It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
- It's innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5).
Intercostal Muscles
- The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs, and assist in the movement of the ribs during breathing.
- External intercostals are the most superficial layer, contraction elevates the ribs aiding inhalation.
- Internal intercostals are the middle layer, contraction pulls ribs closer together aiding forced exhalation.
- Innermost intercostals are the deepest layer, also aiding in forced exhalation.
Neurovascular Supply to Intercostal Spaces
- Intercostal nerves, arteries, and veins run through the costal groove on the inferior aspect of each rib.
Accessory Muscles of Respiration
- Accessory muscles aid in inhalation(e.g. sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor)
- Accessory muscles aid in exhalation (e.g. external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis)
Openings in the Diaphragm
- The diaphragm contains openings for the Inferior vena cava, Aorta, and Esophagus to allow for passage between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Chest X-Ray
- Structures visible in a chest X-Ray include clavicles, ribs, lung lobes, trachea, and more.
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy of the respiratory system, including its division into upper and lower parts. This quiz covers key structures like the nasal passages, larynx, trachea, and the protective thoracic cage. Understanding the directional terminology will enhance your knowledge of respiratory anatomy.
