Human Reproductive System Quiz

Male Reproductive System

• Review the presentation and complete the quizzes
• Note the important main organs and their functions
• Location of the organs is also important

Sexual Reproduction

• Involves two parents creating genetically unique offspring
• Gametes are:
  • Sperm (small, motile, primarily DNA)
  • Egg (large, nutrient-rich)
• Humans are categorized by chromosomes (XY for male, XX for female)

Reproductive System Overview

• The female system produces eggs and receives sperm.
• Fertilization occurs.
• The fetus develops and is nurtured.
• Childbirth occurs.
• The male system produces and delivers sperm.
• The cycle time is 128 days (approximate)

Reproductive System Overview (page 4)

• Primary Sex Organs (Gonads):
  • Male: Testes (produce sperm)
  • Female: Ovaries (produce eggs)
• Secondary Sex Organs:
  • Male: Ducts, glands, and penis (storage, survival, transport of sperm)
  • Female: Uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (fertilization, fetal development)

Male Genital Organs

• The diagram shows the male internal genital organs and their position in the body.

Male Perineum

• The diagram illustrates anatomy including regions of the perineum, emphasizing the surface topography.

Scrotum

• Contains the testes
• Divided into two compartments by a septum
• Contains cremaster muscles (regulating temperature)
• Contains dartos muscles (regulating temperature)
• Contains pampiniform plexus (regulating temperature)

Scrotum (page 10)

• The scrotum holds the spermatic cord
• The spermatic cord contains blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue, and the ductus deferens.
• The spermatic cord journeys through the inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity

Scrotum (page 11)

• The scrotum regulates testicular temperature at roughly 35°C.
• This regulation happens via three mechanisms: cremaster muscles, dartos muscles, and the pampiniform plexus.

Testis (page 12)

• Oval-shaped organs (4cmx3cmx2.5cm)
• Covered by tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea
• Divided into lobules containing seminiferous tubules (sperm production)

Testis (page 13)

• Initially develop near the kidneys
• Move through the inguinal canal into the scrotum during fetal development

Testis (page 14)

• Contains seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium (germ cells and sustentacular cells).
• Sustentacular cells provide nutrients and form the blood-testis barrier.
• Interstitial cells produce testosterone.
• Rete testis is a network for sperm transport.

Testis (page 15)

• Arterial supply is from the testicular artery (abdominal aorta)
• Venous drainage is through the pampiniform plexus (cooling)
• Veins drain to the inferior vena cava (right) and left renal vein (left)

Ducts (page 16)

• Sperm travels through several ducts to reach the urethra:
  • Efferent ductules
  • Duct of the epididymis (sperm maturation and storage - 40-60 days)
  • Ductus deferens/Vas Deferens (muscular tube, 45cm long)
  • Ejaculatory duct

Ducts (page 17)

• Ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the ductus deferens and seminal vesicle duct
• It passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra
• The shared urethra has prostatic, membranous, and spongy portions.
• Prevents urine from mixing with semen during ejaculation

Accessory Glands (page 18)

• Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland and Bulbourethral glands add fluids to semen
• All these glands are important for sperm production.

Penis (page 19)

• Deposit semen into vagina during ejaculation (sympathetic activation)
• Composed of shaft and glans (expanded head)
• Internal parts include root and erectile tissues (corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa).

Penis (page 20)

• Composed of erectile tissues: corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa.
• Corpus spongiosum surrounds urethra and forms glans.
• Corpora cavernosa are paired tissues anchored to the pubic arch by crura.

Penis (page 21)

• Internal pudendal arteries supply erectile tissues.
• Deep arteries dilate to fill lacunae, causing swelling and elongation (parasympathetic activation).

Female Reproductive System (page 22)

• General review of the female reproductive system

Reproductive system overview (page 23)

• Classification by location (external and internal genitalia) for both male and female reproductive systems showing organs
• Internal and External Genitalia for males and females including specific anatomical descriptions of the anatomy

Reproductive System Overview (page 24)

• Male: Testes (produce sperm), Ducts, glands, and penis (storage, survival, transport of sperm)
• Female: Ovaries (produce eggs), uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina (fertilization and fetal development)

Ovarium (page 25)

• Produce egg cells and sex hormones.
• Ovarian fossa, posterior pelvic wall.
• Tunica albuginea capsule divides into medulla (arteries, veins) and cortex (ovarian follicles).

Ovarium (page 26)

• Supported by the ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament, and mesovarium.
• Connective tissue ligaments anchor the ovary.

Ovarium (page 27)

• Receives blood from the ovarian branch of the uterine artery and the ovarian artery from the abdominal aorta
• Arteries anastomose near the ovary, supplying it with blood

Ovarium (page 28)

• Oogenesis is the process of egg production via meiosis.
• It occurs in a rhythmic pattern called the ovarian cycle.
• One functional egg (oocyte) matures, with other daughter cells becoming polar bodies and degenerating.

Ovarium (page 29)

• Ovulation occurs around day 14 of the menstrual cycle
• Follicle rupture releases the oocyte.
• Corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle and secretes progesterone.
• If no pregnancy, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans.

Uterine Tubes (page 30)

• Fallopian tubes that connect the ovary to the uterus.
• The fallopian tube has four segments, Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and mesosalpinx
• It aids in the transport of the oocyte / egg.
• Cilia and muscle contractions guide the egg toward the uterus.

Uterus (page 31)

• Thick, muscular chamber
• Function: Harbors the fetus during pregnancy; provides nutrition from the placenta, and expels fetus after gestation.

Uterus (page 32)

• Pear-shaped with fundus (upper curvature), body, and cervix (lower portion).
• Smaller in size than anticipated, approximately 7cm long, 4cm wide, with 2.5cm thickness.

Uterus (page 33)

• Cervical canal connects uterus to vagina.
• Internal os connects to uterus, external to vagina.
• Cervical glands secrete mucus that blocks microbial entry to the vagina and facilitates sperm passage during ovulation.

Uterus (page 34)

• The uterine wall has three layers: perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
• Myometrium is the middle layer of smooth muscle responsible for labor contractions
• The endometrium sheds during menstruation.

Uterus (page 35)

• Supported by the muscular floor of the pelvic outlet.
• Peritoneal folds that form supportive ligaments include: broad ligament, cardinal ligaments, uterosacral ligaments, and round ligaments

Uterus (page 36)

• Peritoneal folds create two pouches:
  • Vesicouterine: between uterus and bladder
  • Retouterine/Douglas: between uterus and rectum

Uterus (page 37)

• Uterine blood supply is crucial for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy
• Uterine arteries branch from internal iliac arteries.
• Arcuate arteries branch from uterine arteries, creating a network throughout the myometrium and endometrium.
• Spiral arteries regulate blood flow.

Uterus (page 38)

• Three phases of the menstrual cycle:
  • Proliferative (days 6-14): endometrium rebuilding
  • Secretory (days 15-26): thickening for potential implantation
• The phases continue in a cyclical 28-day pattern.

Uterus (page 39)

• Premenstrual phase (days 26-28): corpus luteum involution leads to ischemia, necrosis, and degeneration of stratum functionalis, causing menses.
• Menstrual phase (day 1): cycle restarts, discharging menstrual fluid.

Vagina (page 40)

• A 8-10 cm tube with roles in menstruation, sexual intercourse and childbirth.
• It has three layers: adventitia, muscularis, and mucosa.
• Lacks glands; lubricated by transudation.

Vagina (page 41)

• Rugae: Transverse ridges that enhance stimulation during intercourse.
• Hymen: Membrane at the vaginal orifice (typically ruptured)
• Epithelium transforms from simple cuboidal to stratified squamous (puberty).

External Genitalia (page 42)

• External female genitalia (vulva):
  • Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, clitoris

External Genitalia and Glands (page 43)

• Important female genitalia include erectile tissues (vestibular bulbs), glands (greater vestibular/Bartholin's and lesser vestibular glands), and paraurethral/Skene's glands.
• Their functions relate to lubrication, sensory stimulation, and sexual function

Homologous Organs (page 44)

• Similar structures in males and females originating from the same embryonic tissues.
• Homologous organs can perform similar functions due to their similar structure despite the reproductive systems being noticeably different.

Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the human reproductive system. This quiz covers important concepts including the roles of various glands, the menstrual cycle, and anatomical structures. Perfect for students studying reproductive biology or health sciences.