Human Reproductive System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary use of Depo Pro-Vera?

To induce ovulation

To promote fetal development

To prevent pregnancy

To manage dysfunctional uterine bleeding (correct)

What occurs during the ischemic phase if fertilization does not happen?

Degeneration of the endometrium (correct)

Increased levels of progesterone and estrogen

Expansion of the corpus luteum

Formation of the zygote

At what stage is the embryo defined as being from the time following implantation until organogenesis is complete?

Viability

Zygote

Fetus

Embryo (correct)

What does the term 'gravida' refer to in obstetrics?

Number of pregnancies reaching viability Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended timing for chorionic villi sampling?

8 to 10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What does an elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level indicate?

Neural tube defect Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the period of viability for a fetus?

24 weeks and above Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effects of low levels of estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual phase?

Passage of menstrual flow Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychological task for the mother during the second trimester of pregnancy?

Acceptance of the baby Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of parturition suggests that the reduction in progesterone levels leads to uterine contractions?

Progesterone Withdrawal Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pelvis is considered ideal for childbirth?

Gynecoid pelvis Signup and view all the answers

How does concern for the baby change as the pregnancy progresses through the trimesters?

It becomes equal to concern for the mother in the second trimester Signup and view all the answers

What defines Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD)?

The size of the fetal head is excessive compared to the maternal pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect labor?

Maternal age Signup and view all the answers

At which stage of pregnancy does the mother primarily focus on acceptance of parenthood?

Third trimester Signup and view all the answers

What role do prostaglandins play in parturition?

They stimulate uterine contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority during the third stage of labor?

Minimizing the risk for hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

When should oxytocin be administered in relation to placental expulsion?

After the delivery of the placenta Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal rate for administering oxytocin prior to placental expulsion?

11-12 gtts/min Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the body's reabsorption of water after delivery?

Increased oxygen consumption Signup and view all the answers

What defines a viable fetus in relation to the first trimester?

Fetus older than 24 weeks of gestation or weighing at least 500 g Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bloody show' refer to in the context of labor?

The expulsion of the mucus plug from the cervix. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the first stage of labor does cervical dilation occur from 0 to 3 cm?

Latent Phase Signup and view all the answers

How long does the Active Phase of the first stage of labor generally last for a multipara?

2 to 4 hours Signup and view all the answers

What indicates that the amniotic membrane has potentially ruptured?

Sudden gush or slow seeping of clear fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Nitrazine test?

To identify whether fluid is amniotic or not. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the Transition Phase during the first stage of labor?

60 to 90 seconds Signup and view all the answers

If the membranes have ruptured for greater than 24 hours without delivery, what is the most likely intervention needed?

Immediate Cesarean Section Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided if the cervix is not fully dilated?

Encouraging pushing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the fallopian tube?

To convey ova from the ovaries to the uterus Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the fallopian tube is most commonly associated with ectopic pregnancies?

Interstitial Signup and view all the answers

What role does the scrotum serve in male reproductive anatomy?

Regulates the temperature of the testes Signup and view all the answers

What component is primarily secreted by the seminal vesicle?

Viscous portion of semen Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the maturation of sperm?

Epididymis Signup and view all the answers

How many layers of erectile tissue does the penis consist of?

Two corpus cavernosa and one corpus spongiosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ejaculatory duct in male reproductive anatomy?

Joins the seminal vesicles to the urethra Signup and view all the answers

What is located in the scrotum?

Testes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Female Reproductive System

Ovaries: produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone, regulating the menstrual cycle
Fallopian Tubes: 10cm long, transport eggs from ovaries to uterus, site of fertilization
- Infundibulum: funnel-shaped, covered in fimbria to guide the egg
- Ampulla: longest portion, common site for fertilization and ectopic pregnancy
- Isthmus: portion that is cut or sealed in a tubal ligation
- Interstitial: most dangerous site for ectopic pregnancy

Male Reproductive System

Penis: organ for copulation and urination
- Corpus Cavernosa: lateral erectile tissue
- Corpus Spongiosum: located on the underside of the penis
Scrotum: pouch below penis containing testes, regulates temperature
Testes: ovoid glands, produce sperm
Epididymis: conducts sperm from testes to vas deferens, site of sperm maturation
Vas Deferens: carries sperm from epididymis to abdominal cavity, sperm matures further
Seminal Vesicles: secretes viscous semen containing fructose, protein, and prostaglandin
Ejaculatory Duct: conducts semen from vesicles to urethra

Menstrual Cycle

Proliferative Phase: estrogen causes endometrial growth and thickening
Secretory Phase: progesterone causes further thickening and development of glands
Ischemic Phase: corpus luteum regresses, progesterone and estrogen decrease, endometrium degenerates and sloughs off
Menstrual Phase: low estrogen and progesterone, menstrual flow occurs

Pregnancy Terminology

Zygote: fertilized egg, less than 2 weeks
Embryo: developing fetus from implantation to organogenesis, 2 to 8 weeks
Fetus: 8 weeks to birth
Viability: ability to live outside the uterus, typically 24 weeks and above
Gravida: number of pregnancies regardless of outcome
TPAL: term pregnancies, preterm pregnancies, abortions, living children

Fetal Assessment

Amniocentesis: needle inserted into amniotic sac to analyze amniotic fluid for fetal abnormalities
Chorionic Villi Sampling: retrieves and analyzes chorionic villi from placenta for chromosome or DNA analysis
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): glycoprotein produced by fetal liver, high levels may indicate neural tube defects, low levels may indicate chromosomal disorders

Stages of Labor

First Stage: onset of contractions to complete cervical dilation (10cm)
- Latent Phase: mild contractions, cervical effacement, dilation 0-3 cm
- Active Phase: moderate contractions, dilation 4-7 cm
- Transition Phase: strong contractions, dilation 8-10 cm
Second Stage: complete cervical dilation to delivery of fetus
Third Stage: delivery of placenta
Fourth Stage: first 1-4 hours after delivery of placenta, focuses on homeostasis and bleeding risks

Factors Affecting Labor

Pelvic Dimension: pelvis shape and size
- Android: male pelvis, narrow
- Anthropoid: long, narrow
- Gynecoid: ideal for childbirth
- Platypelloid: flattened
Fetal Dimensions: size of fetus in relation to pelvic size
Cephalopelvic Disproportion (CPD): fetal head larger than maternal pelvis

Hemorrhagic Disorders in Pregnancy

Abortion/Miscarriage: pregnancy interruption before viability, most common cause is chromosomal abnormalities
- Spontaneous Abortion: naturally occurring miscarriage
- Induced Abortion: intentional termination of pregnancy

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Description

Explore the essential components of the female and male reproductive systems with this quiz. Test your knowledge on the functions of ovaries, fallopian tubes, penis, testes, and more. This is perfect for students studying human biology or health sciences.