Biology Class: Human Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the testes in the male reproductive system?

  • To discharge urine
  • To store sperms temporarily
  • To secrete seminal fluid
  • To produce sperms and male sex hormones (correct)

What is the primary function of the acrosome in a sperm?

  • To store genetic material
  • To protect the sperm from the female's immune system
  • To provide energy for movement
  • To assist in fertilization (correct)

The urethra in males is exclusively for the discharge of semen.

False (B)

What is the purpose of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

<p>To keep the testes at a lower temperature optimal for sperm development</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ovum is smaller than the sperm and has the ability to move by itself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of the menstrual cycle in humans?

<p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens immediately after ovulation?

<p>The ruptured follicle becomes the yellow body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a coiled tube that stores sperms temporarily.

<p>epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body undergoes changes during puberty due to increased production of __________ hormones.

<p>sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is responsible for carrying sperms from the epididymis to the urethra?

<p>Vas deferens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fertile period occurs only during menstruation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following male reproductive glands with their functions:

<p>Seminal vesicles = Secrete seminal fluid containing sugars Prostate gland = Secretes alkaline fluid to neutralize acidity Cowper’s gland = Provides lubrication during ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structure of human gametes with their descriptions:

<p>Sperm = Contains a head, midpiece, and tail Ovum = Spherical shape with a jelly coat Acrosome = Cap covering the sperm's head Cytoplasm = Rich in food reserves within the ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a woman typically reach menopause?

<p>50</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a secondary sexual characteristic in males?

<p>Voice deepens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is the site of fertilization in the female body.

<p>oviduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

The penis is responsible for transferring sperm during sexual intercourse.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following stages of fertilization with their descriptions:

<p>A = Transfer of sperms into the female body B = Journey of sperms towards oviducts C = Fusion of sperm and ovum</p> Signup and view all the answers

Menstruation lasts for about 10 days.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main structures of the male reproductive system?

<p>Testes, ducts (epididymis, vas deferens, urethra), glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's glands), and the penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It breaks down and is discharged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the yellow body to thicken the uterine lining?

<p>Progesterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Menstruation does not occur if fertilization is successful.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prevents additional sperm from entering the ovum after fertilization?

<p>The jelly coat of the ovum changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fertilized ovum called?

<p>Zygote (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diploid number of chromosomes is not restored in the zygote.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when the embryo attaches to the uterine lining?

<p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ________ encloses the embryo and is filled with amniotic fluid.

<p>amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of amniotic fluid?

<p>Acts as a cushion to protect the embryo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

<p>Amnion = Encloses the embryo Placenta = Exchanges materials between mother and embryo Umbilical cord = Connects the embryo to the placenta Villi = Facilitates nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

The umbilical cord carries both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood between the mother and the embryo.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of separating the blood of the embryo and the mother?

<p>Prevention of blood vessel breakage, clumping of incompatible blood types, and entry of pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the period from fertilization to birth?

<p>Gestation period (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The foetus can move its arms and legs by week 12.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can a pregnant woman do to ensure the health of the foetus?

<p>Have a balanced diet and regular prenatal check-ups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In amniocentesis, the ____ is analyzed to check for genetic abnormalities.

<p>amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the week to its corresponding foetal development milestone:

<p>Week 4 = Heart beats and backbone formation Week 8 = All major organs formed Week 12 = Arms and legs can move Week 38 = Bones and muscles well developed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommended practice for prenatal care?

<p>Gentle exercise (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A blood sample from the mother cannot be used to check for foetal DNA abnormalities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the placenta NOT do?

<p>Secrete hormones to stop the thickening of the uterine lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are testes?

The male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and male hormones.

What is the scrotum?

A sac outside the abdominal cavity that holds the testes, keeping them at a slightly lower temperature for optimal sperm development.

What is the epididymis?

A coiled tube attached to each testis that stores sperm temporarily.

What is the vas deferens?

A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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What is the urethra?

The tube that carries both semen and urine from the body.

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What are seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowper's glands?

Glands that produce seminal fluid, a mixture that nourishes and helps sperm travel.

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What is seminal fluid?

The fluid that carries sperm and provides nutrients for sperm movement.

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What is the penis?

The organ that transfers semen into the female's vagina during sexual intercourse.

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What is the acrosome?

The structure at the front of a sperm that contains enzymes that help break down the outer layers of an egg.

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What is the nucleus in a sperm?

The part of a sperm that carries the male's genetic information.

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What is the midpiece of a sperm?

The middle part of a sperm that contains mitochondria, providing energy for movement.

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What is the jelly coat of an ovum?

The jelly-like substance that surrounds an ovum and helps protect it.

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What is an ovum?

The female reproductive cell that contains half the genetic information needed to create a new human being.

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What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Features that develop during puberty and differentiate males from females, but don't directly involve the reproductive system.

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What is menstruation?

The breakdown of the uterine lining that happens every month if fertilization doesn't occur.

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What is the menstrual cycle?

The cycle of changes in the female reproductive system that prepares the body for potential pregnancy.

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Fertilization

The process that starts a new life, involving the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell, typically occurring in the oviduct.

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Acrosome

A specialized structure within a sperm cell that contains enzymes necessary for breaking down the outer layer of an egg cell during fertilization.

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Ovulation

The release of an egg cell from the ovary, typically occurring around day 14 of the menstrual cycle.

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Fertile Period

The period when ovulation is likely to occur, making the woman most fertile. This typically falls a few days before and after ovulation.

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Progesterone

The hormone released by the yellow body (corpus luteum) after ovulation, responsible for maintaining the thickness of the uterine lining in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

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Corpus luteum

A temporary gland that forms after ovulation from the ruptured follicle, responsible for producing progesterone.

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Menstruation

The process where the uterine lining sheds, resulting in menstrual bleeding. It occurs if fertilization does not happen.

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Menopause

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation in women, typically occurring around the age of 50.

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What is meiosis?

A type of cell division that produces four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

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What is fertilization?

The process of a sperm cell and an egg cell fusing together to form a zygote.

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What is gestation?

The stage of development from fertilization to birth.

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What is the placenta?

An organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy to connect the mother and the developing baby.

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What is amniotic fluid?

A fluid that surrounds the developing baby in the womb.

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What is amniotic fluid used for?

A fluid that is extracted from the womb to check for any developmental defects.

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What is non-invasive prenatal testing?

A test that uses a blood sample from the mother to check for genetic defects in the fetus.

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What is a fetus?

The stage of fetal development after eight weeks, marked by the formation of major organs.

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Zygote

The fertilized egg cell, carrying the genetic material of both parents.

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Mitosis in the zygote

The repeated division of cells in the zygote, creating a ball of cells called an embryo.

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Implantation

The process where the embryo embeds itself into the uterine lining.

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Amnion

A membrane that forms around the embryo, filled with amniotic fluid.

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Amniotic fluid

Clear liquid inside the amnion, providing protection and stability for the embryo.

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Placenta

An organ formed from embryonic tissues and uterine lining, connecting the embryo to the mother.

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Umbilical cord

A cord connecting the placenta to the embryo, containing blood vessels for nutrient and waste exchange

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Study Notes

Human Reproductive Systems

  • Flowering plants can reproduce sexually or asexually, but humans only reproduce sexually
  • Human reproductive systems are specialized for sexual reproduction

Male Reproductive System

  • The male reproductive system consists of the testes, which produce sperm and male hormones
  • Testes are located in the scrotum, keeping the temperature 2-3°C lower than body temp for optimal sperm development.
  • Epididymis: Stores sperm temporarily
  • Vas deferens: Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
  • Urethra: Discharges semen out of the body (and urine)
  • Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and Cowper's glands secrete seminal fluid:
    • Provides a medium for sperm to swim
    • Contains sugars for sperm energy
    • Contains mucus for lubrication
    • Neutralizes acidic urine/vaginal secretions
  • Semen: Combination of seminal fluid and sperm
  • Penis: The copulatory organ, transferring sperm to the female's vagina during sexual intercourse. It contains erectile tissue and blood vessels.

Female Reproductive System

  • The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, which produce ova (eggs) and female hormones.
  • Ovaries contain immature ova (eggs) at birth. These are enclosed in follicles.
  • Oviducts (fallopian tubes): Funnel shaped opening near each ovary collecting the ovum. Cilia sweep it to the uterus. Fertilization occurs here.
  • Uterus: Site of embryo implantation and development
  • Vagina: Holds penis during intercourse, acts as the birth canal
  • The uterine lining thickens and blood supply increases before ovulation. The lining breaks down if fertilization does not occur, resulting in menstruation.
  • Ovulation is the release of the ovum into the oviduct.

Human Gametes

  • Sperm: Tiny, tadpole-shaped; head (acrosome and nucleus), midpiece (mitochondria), tail
  • Ovum: Spherical; larger than sperm, contains food reserves, a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a jelly coat.

Production of Gametes

  • Sperms: Produced in seminiferous tubules of testes throughout the life of a male, starting at puberty. Increased male hormones stimulate cells to divide mitotically and then meiotically, forming sperm.
  • Ova: Produced in ovaries starting before birth, continuing cyclically after puberty. The increased level of female hormones causes many follicles to develop and then, usually only one, fully matures and releases an egg in a 28-day cycle.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

  • Secondary sexual characteristics develop at puberty due to changes in hormone levels. These traits are in addition to the reproductive organs present at birth.
  • Male: deeper voice, broader shoulders, more muscular, facial hair growth
  • Female: Breast development, wider hips, fat deposition, and some hair growth.

Fertilization

  • Sperms travel to the oviducts to meet the ovum
  • Sperms release enzymes to break down the jelly coat of the ovum.
  • The head of the sperm enters the ovum's cytoplasm, causing the jelly coat to become impermeable.
  • Nuclei of sperm and egg fuse, forming a zygote.

Implantation

  • The zygote develops into an embryo by mitotic cell division before reaching the uterus.
  • Upon arriving at the uterus, the embryo embeds itself (implantation) into the thickened uterine lining, which marks the beginning of pregnancy.

Development of Embryo/Foetus

  • The embryo develops into a foetus through cell division.
  • All the major organs form during the first three months.
  • Development continues until birth

Prenatal Care

  • A balanced diet with folic acid and iodine is important for the mother's and foetus' health
  • Regular prenatal check-ups are vital
  • Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drug use during pregnancy is critical.

Twins

  • Identical twins develop from one fertilized ovum splitting into two embryos and sharing the same genetic make-up and sex.
  • Fraternal twins develop from two separate fertilized ova and result in two genetically unique individuals.

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Biology Human Reproduction PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the male and female reproductive systems in this quiz designed for biology students. Topics include the functions of reproductive organs, characteristics of gametes, and hormonal changes during puberty. Ideal for those studying human biology or health sciences.

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