Human Reproduction Quiz

Human Reproduction & Development

• The specialized reproductive cells of humans are produced, unite in, and develop within the organs of the male and female reproductive systems.
• The male gonads (testes) produce sperm.
• The female gonad (ovary) produces eggs.
• Fertilization is the fusion of a male and female sex cell, creating a single-celled zygote.
• The zygote divides and develops into an embryo, then a fetus.

How to Build a Human

• Human embryo and fetal development from fertilization to birth.
• Various stages of fetal development are displayed in a spiral diagram.
• Stages are correlated to typical ages.
• Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are the three germ layers.

Human Sexual Reproduction: Production of Gametes

• Gametes (sex cells) contain 23 chromosomes instead of 46.
• Eggs and sperm are haploid.
• They contain only one copy of each chromosome.

Human Sexual Reproduction: Fertilization

• The unification of egg and sperm.
• Sperm and egg both contain 23 chromosomes.
• The fertilized egg has 46 chromosomes.

A Brief Recall of 'Gender Spectrum'

• Assigned Male at birth - AMAB.
• Assigned Female at Birth - AFAB.
• Nonbinary people identify as neither completely female nor completely male.
• Sexuality is a spectrum but is separate from both sex and gender.

People with a Penis Anatomy - AMAB

• The AMAB reproductive system includes the penis, testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
• There are a few different supporting structures for sperm and eggs
• The structures within the AMAB reproductive system and their specific functions.

Today's Objectives (Reproductive Structures cont.)

• Structures and functions of the male reproductive system (testes, seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, Sertoli cells, epididymides, vasa deferentia, Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis).
• Distinguishing between sperm cells and the supporting structures in the male reproductive system (seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, Sertoli cells, follicle, corpus luteum).

Reproductive Systems Overview

• Humans reproduce sexually, relying on specialized cells from both sexes.
• The male reproductive system produces sperm; the female produces eggs.
• These cells unite during the process of fertilization, creating an embryo, later becoming a fetus.

The Penis People's Reproductive System

• AMAB and AFAB sex organs originate in the abdominal cavity, becoming differentiated around the third month of embryonic development.
• Genes on the sex chromosomes are a defining factor in the differentiation process.
• The testes descend into the scrotum during the final two months of fetal development.

The Penis People Cont.

• Inguinal hernia is possible result of injury to the membrane between the scrotum and the abdomen.
• The hernia can be dangerous because a portion of the small intestine can slip into the scrotum, causing pressure on the testes and potentially restricting blood flow.

Penis People's Reproductive Structures

•  Testes (male gonads).
•  Scrotum (sac containing testes).
•  Vas deferens (sperm transport).
•  Ejaculatory duct.
•  Glans penis.
• Temperature regulation is important in sperm development.

Questions

• Preventing fertilization involving AMAB reproductive tissue.
• The nervous system section controlling blood flow to tissues (dilation/ constriction).
• Description of the pathway sperm travel from the testis to the external environment, involving the various structures.
• The AMAB reproductive structures (testis, epididymis, etc.) and their functions.
• The impact of any blockage in the male reproductive system.

Reproductive Structures cont.

• Sperm production in the testes.
• Sperm travel through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct.
• Blockage in the vas deferens prevents sperm from reaching the external environment.

Seminal Fluid

• Semen is a fluid composed of sperm and fluids produced by the reproductive organs.
• Ejaculation is the process by which semen leaves the body via the penis.
• The glands involved in semen production (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper's glands).
• The role or function of semen in the reproductive process.

Spermatogenesis

• Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperm cells, occurring within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
• Specialized cells, called Sertoli cells, nourish developing sperm cells until they are mature.
• Sertoli cells form a barrier between the blood and the seminiferous tubules, protecting the cells from foreign substances and helping in metabolic and mechanical support for sperm development.

Additional Topics

• Epididymis, detailed description of the structure, and function in the overall process.
• Sperm cell anatomy, providing the function of each part of the sperm cell.
• Detailed description of Seminal Fluid components.
• The different glands involved in the production of seminal fluids, and their specific secretions.

Summary of AFAB Reproductive System

• The AFAB reproductive system includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, endometrium, cervix, and vagina.
• Ovaries; production of eggs; hormone production.
• Fallopian tubes; passageway for egg from ovary to uterus.
• Uterus; pear-shaped organ where the developing embryo/fetus matures.
• Endometrium; inner layer of the uterus.
• Cervix; a band of muscle connecting vagina to uterus.
• Vagina; muscular tube connecting cervix to external environment.

Vagina People's Reproductive System

• Development of AFAB secondary sexual characteristics during puberty (breasts, hips development).
• Ovaries initially located inside the abdomen and remain inside the pelvis (differing from the testes).
• Oocytes (immature eggs) are already present in the ovaries at the time of birth.

Vagina People's Anatomy

• Ovarian structure, paired organs homologous to the testes.
• Fallopian tubes (oviducts), paired tubes connecting ovaries to uterus; finger-like projections called fimbriae are present at the ovarian end.
• Uterus (womb), pear-shaped organ where the embryo/fetus develops; composed of endometrium (inner lining).
• Cervix; band of muscle, connecting the vagina to the uterus.
• Vagina; a muscular, hollow tube connecting the uterus to the external environment; the birth canal.

Vagina People's External Anatomy

• Vulva: the external female genitalia including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and Bartholin's glands.

Tubal Ligation

• A surgical method of sterilization for AFAB individuals.
• The fallopian tubes are cut and tied, preventing the egg from reaching the uterus

Cervical Cancer and HPV

• HPV is a leading contributor to cervical cancer; some strains are more likely to cause cancer than others
• Early detection is important in cervical cancer.
• Pap test is a screening test that looks for abnormalities in cervical cells.

Oogenesis & Ovulation

• Oogenesis is the formation and development of a mature ovum (egg cell), taking place within follicles (structures) in the AFAB ovaries.
• A primary oocyte within the follicle undergoes meiosis to form a secondary oocyte and first polar body.
• The secondary oocyte is released = ovulation.

Oogenesis

• The formation of mature eggs in the AFAB body;
• Occurs in specialized structures called follicles found within the AFAB ovaries;
• Contains a primary oocyte.
• The process is part of the larger AFAB menstrual cycle.
• Granulosa cells, forming the wall of the follicle; nutrient supply.

Spermatogenesis cont.

• Detailed description of the process of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids; where it takes place; and the function of Sertoli cells' role.

Spermatogenesis

• The process of producing mature sperm cells; takes place in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
• Immature sperm cells divide and differentiate to become fully functional sperm cells; the role of Sertoli cells is critical.

Hormonal Reg. & The Menstrual Cycle

• The menstrual cycle (average 28 days)
• Follicular phase: follicle development and estrogen secretion;
• Ovulatory phase: release of egg, estrogen and LH peak;
• Luteal phase: progesterone secretion; preparation for pregnancy;
• Flow phase: shedding of the endometrium if no fertilization.

The Menstrual Cycle cont.

• Description of the four distinct phases of the menstrual cycle: flow, follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phases, including associated hormonal changes and effects on the endometrium.
  • The detailed hormones, enzymes/reactions.

Hormone Summary of Cycle

• Detailed description of the hormones (estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, GnRH) controlling the menstrual cycle, how they work, their actions. and associated feedback loops.

AMAB Hormonal Feedback

• Interconnecting feedback systems maintain adequate sperm and constant testosterone levels.
• GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone hormones levels impact sperm production;
• Secretion of inhibin by Sertoli cells.

Fetal Development 2nd Trimester

• Continued development of fetal organs during the second trimester.
• Growth and development of the fetus in more detail, including the length and weight.
• Appearance of soft hair (lanugo) fetal movement (quickening).
• The development of eyes, eyelids, eyelashes, and further changes in fetal development.

Fetal Development 3rd Trimester

• Continued growth and development of organs and systems (especially the lungs).
• The increasing size and weight of the fetus.
• An increase in the fat layer and potential changes in the physical appearance of the fetus.

Parts of the Reproductive System

•  Detailed information and descriptions of the uterus's function.
•  Detailed description(s) of the cervix's function.
•  Detailed description(s) of the vagina's function.

Differences Between Reproductive Systems

• Summarize the key differences between the AMAB and AFAB reproductive systems (e.g., gamete production, sex determination, age of sexual maturity, hormonal regulation).

Menopause

• The natural cessation of the AFAB reproductive years, resulting from the depletion of functional follicles associated with the ageing of AFAB reproductive organs.
• Some potential connection(s) between the ageing of AFAB reproductive tissues and fertility in later stages.

Hormonal Feedback & Menstruation

• The hypothalamus and pituitary gland's role in regulating the production of AFAB sex hormones.
• FSH and LH hormones and their role in the cycle; different levels and implications.
• The hormone GnRH and its effect on the pituitary release of other hormones.

AFAB Hormonal Overview

• The detailed function(s) of specific hormones (estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH) during the menstrual cycle.
• Describes the interactions between these hormones to maintain the cycle and control related processes.

AFAB Hormonal Feedback cont.

• Detailed feedback mechanisms in the AFAB system, affecting the cycle and regulating the levels of hormones.
• Positive and negative feedback loops controlling hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone)

Pregnancy Related Problems - Ectopic Pregnancy

• Implantation of a fertilized egg outside the uterus (e.g., fallopian tubes).
• The likelihood of a successful pregnancy, implications of ectopic pregnancy outcomes.
• Risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancies, for example, complications from infections (like chlamydia).

PRP - Breech Babies

• Breech presentation: fetal buttocks/feet presenting during birth.
• The various forms of breech presentation (complete, incomplete, frank).
• How doctors can try to correct breech presentation before birth (external cephalic version).
• Potential use of heat acupuncture on pregnant mothers' feet for breech correction.

PRP - Placenta Previa

• Placenta partially or fully covers the cervix, blocking vaginal delivery.
• Potential risks and complications if the previa persists.
• Diagnostic methods for placenta previa.

PRP - Cesarean section (c-section)

• Surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.
• Reasons for performing a cesarean section.
  • The method of procedure.
• Possible complications and considerations related to the procedure

Summary of Parturition and Hormones

• Hormonal role and impact in parturition (e.g., oxytocin, relaxin).
• The role of progesterone change during parturition in facilitating a successful labour.
• The cause-effect association between parturition progression and uterine contractions/hormone influence.

Lactation

• Breast development related to estrogen and progesterone.
• Hormonal changes during pregnancy affecting milk production (lactation).
• The role of prolactin in stimulating milk production,
• The role of oxytocin in milk ejection and uterine contractions.

Changes after Pregnancy

• The hormonal changes after childbirth (e.g., decline in progesterone effect on the uterus, role of prolactin).
• Restoration of fertility after pregnancy for AFAB individuals.

Chorionic Hormone Production

• The role of the hCG hormone in maintaining pregnancy.
• The interaction between the implantation of the blastocyst to the uterus.
• The role of hCG in maintaining the corpus luteum (production of estrogen & progesterone).

Amnion Development

• The function of the amnion (e.g., insulation for the fetus).
• The development and function(s) of the yolk sac; its connection to the extraembryonic mesoderm.
• The role of the extraembryonic coelom in fetal development.

Placental Development

• The function of the placenta as an exchange organ in fetal development.
• How tissues form the placenta and its location.
• The exchange of gases and nutrients through the placenta.
• Its role in removing waste products from the fetus.
• The umbilical cord's connection to fetal development and delivery process.

Fetal Development Milestones Timeline

• A timeline to illustrate the stages of fetal development and important markers during the second and third trimesters.
• Key developments during different gestational periods (weeks) of fetal growth and growth development.

Fetal Development and Sex Determination

• The crucial role of the SRY gene for male (AMAB) sex determination, including the formation of Testes (male gonads) and the subsequent production of TDF affecting subsequent sex characteristic development.
• The differentiation process; time frame, related complications
• Related complications and outcomes arising from SRY gene variations or errors.

Effects of Environmental Agents

• The susceptibility to teratogens during different stages of fetal development.
• Identifying the problems that arise from teratogens exposure.
• The significance of maternal lifestyle (e.g., diet, health) on prenatal development.

Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• Describe the association between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the development of FAS, including both behavioral and physical aspects of the condition.
• Potential for neural effects on fetuses.
• Overall cost to society due to FAS.

Effects of Cannabis Consumption

• Risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy.
• The potential for long-term developmental effects on the child.

Pregnancy and Birth (Parturition)

• The stages of childbirth (labour phases, role of hormones, including prostaglandins, oxytocin, relaxin).
• The role of the cervix during childbirth, and what hormones cause those effects
• A summary of the birth process, from labour to delivery and after.

Lactation

• Hormonal controls of milk production (lactation);
• Prolactin and oxytocin's function(s), and their relationship in milk production and ejection.
• Colostrum production; how it differs from milk.

Technology Related to Pregnancy

• Various technologies used in assisting pregnancy and reproductive health, including IVF, fertility drugs, IUI, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, ultrasound, AFP testing, Rh factor incompatibility testing.

Different Technologies Associated with Pregnancy

• IVF and associated hormonal medicine procedures to improve egg or sperm production, including steps of procedures.
• IUI, a common procedure for infertility.
• Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS), procedures for prenatal genetic diagnosis.
• Other technologies, like ultrasound and AFP testing, and their role in prenatal diagnosis and surveillance.
• Rh factor incompatibility testing and treatment strategies.
• Genetic counselling, and reasons for seeking it.

Pregnancy Related Problems

• Ectopic pregnancy, definition, causation, implications.
• Breech presentation, different types, potential interventions, risks, complications.
• Placenta previa, diagnosis, treatment considerations.
• Cesarean section, procedure, indications, possible risks.

Practice Questions

• Questions to encourage deeper understanding and application of knowledge. These will be on specific concepts and will stimulate more analysis of the specific information presented.