Human Physiology: Urine Production Processes

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What is the primary function of glomerular filtration in the production of urine?

Movement of molecules from plasma in glomerulus into capsular space (correct)

Movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into tubules

Excretion of unwanted substances from tubules into peritubular blood

Reabsorption of molecules from tubules into peritubular blood

In which part of the kidney does tubular reabsorption primarily occur to put substances back into the blood?

Peritubular blood

Efferent arteriole

Renal corpuscle

Tubules (correct)

What is the main purpose of tubular secretion in the urine production process?

Excreting unwanted substances by moving them from blood into tubules (correct)

Moving molecules out of peritubular blood into tubules for reabsorption

Filtering substances exclusively in renal corpuscle across capillary wall

Transporting substances from plasma in glomerulus into capsular space

What is the main driving force behind glomerular filtration?

Pressure gradient between blood and the filtrate in capsular space Signup and view all the answers

Why does pressure build up in the capillaries during glomerular filtration?

From wider efferent arteriole limiting blood flow out of the capillaries Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a key aspect of filtration membrane functioning?

Substances small enough to cross membrane will do so to collect in capsular space Signup and view all the answers

What is the force of fluid on the walls of its container that pushes fluid out called?

Hydrostatic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure is created by proteins or solutes in the environment that pulls fluid into the environment?

Colloid osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which pressure force is directly correlated with the body's systemic blood pressure?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if Capsular colloid osmotic pressure (CCOP) increases?

Increase in Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism triggers smooth muscle contraction in afferent arterioles resulting in a decrease in blood flow and GFR when blood pressure increases?

Myogenic mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for Effective Filtration Pressure (EFP)?

(GHP - CCOP) - (GCOP + CHP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pressures favors filtration when it is greater than the sum of opposing forces?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) if Afferent arteriole diameter decreases?

It decreases Signup and view all the answers

Which of these directly impacts Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Renal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of an increase in Systemic blood pressure on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

Increase in GFR Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the macula densa cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback system?

Act as chemoreceptors to determine solute levels in the distal convoluted tubule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of juxtaglomerular cells in the tubuloglomerular feedback system?

Stimulate the secretion of erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) in the context of tubuloglomerular feedback?

To increase blood volume and pressure when GFR is too low Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)?

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of ACE inhibitors in treating high blood pressure?

Block the production of angiotensin II Signup and view all the answers

Glucosuria occurs when blood glucose levels exceed what amount?

$200$ mg/ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive glucose in the filtrate in terms of water reabsorption?

Inhibits water reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule?

Reabsorption of Na, K, and Cl Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone increases reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium in the kidneys?

Aldosterone Signup and view all the answers

In the process of tubular secretion, what happens when blood pH decreases?

Secretion of bicarbonate ions increases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the countercurrent multiplier system in the kidney?

Creating and maintaining medullary osmotic gradient Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the recycling of urea within the medullary collecting system?

Urea passively diffuses out of the filtrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the countercurrent exchanger in the kidney?

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to medulla Signup and view all the answers

How is renal clearance defined?

Rate at which kidneys remove a substance from blood Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when volume exceeds 500mL during micturition?

Reflexive relaxation of internal urethral sphincter Signup and view all the answers