Podcast
Questions and Answers
What structures make up the respiratory system?
What structures make up the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Structurally, how is the respiratory system classified?
Structurally, how is the respiratory system classified?
1-the upper respiratory system, which includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures. 2-the lower respiratory system, which consists of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and the lungs.
Functionally, how is the respiratory system classified?
Functionally, how is the respiratory system classified?
1-the conducting zone 2-the respiratory zone.
What is the conducting zone?
What is the conducting zone?
What is the respiratory zone?
What is the respiratory zone?
What structures are associated with the conducting zone and what is their purpose?
What structures are associated with the conducting zone and what is their purpose?
What structures are associated with the respiratory zone and what is their purpose?
What structures are associated with the respiratory zone and what is their purpose?
The frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony framework of the ___________.
The frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony framework of the ___________.
The cartilaginous framework of the external nose consists of the ___________, the _________, and __________.
The cartilaginous framework of the external nose consists of the ___________, the _________, and __________.
What are the two openings on the under surface of the external nose called?
What are the two openings on the under surface of the external nose called?
What are the three functions of the internal structures of the external nose?
What are the three functions of the internal structures of the external nose?
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
What is the nasal cavity lined with?
What are the two openings that are located in the posterior portion of the nasal cavity in which it communicates with the pharynx?
What are the two openings that are located in the posterior portion of the nasal cavity in which it communicates with the pharynx?
What are the two regions called in which the nasal cavity is divided?
What are the two regions called in which the nasal cavity is divided?
Three shelves formed by projections of the superior, middle, and inferior are called _______.
Three shelves formed by projections of the superior, middle, and inferior are called _______.
What are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx?
What are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx?
What is the opening in the oropharynx called?
What is the opening in the oropharynx called?
What is the structure that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea?
What is the structure that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea?
How many pieces of cartilage are in the wall of the larynx?
How many pieces of cartilage are in the wall of the larynx?
What are the 3 pieces of cartilage of the larynx that occur singly?
What are the 3 pieces of cartilage of the larynx that occur singly?
What are the cartilages in the larynx that are found in pairs?
What are the cartilages in the larynx that are found in pairs?
Of the paired cartilages in the larynx, which is the most important and why?
Of the paired cartilages in the larynx, which is the most important and why?
What is the larynx cartilage that is also known as the Adam's Apple?
What is the larynx cartilage that is also known as the Adam's Apple?
What is the epiglottis?
What is the epiglottis?
What is the glottis?
What is the glottis?
Which of the cartilages of the larynx is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament?
Which of the cartilages of the larynx is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament?
What is the landmark site for making an emergency airway/tracheotomy?
What is the landmark site for making an emergency airway/tracheotomy?
What type of joints do the arytenoid cartilages form with the cricoid cartilages?
What type of joints do the arytenoid cartilages form with the cricoid cartilages?
What are the superior pair of mucous membrane folds of the larynx called?
What are the superior pair of mucous membrane folds of the larynx called?
What are the inferior pair of mucous membrane folds of the larynx called?
What are the inferior pair of mucous membrane folds of the larynx called?
What is the space between the ventricular folds called?
What is the space between the ventricular folds called?
What are the three layers of the trachea wall?
What are the three layers of the trachea wall?
What is the structure that is also known as the windpipe?
What is the structure that is also known as the windpipe?
Where does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi?
Where does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi?
What shape are the cartilage that provide semirigid support to maintain patency so that the trachea wall does not collapse inward?
What shape are the cartilage that provide semirigid support to maintain patency so that the trachea wall does not collapse inward?
Which of the primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical?
Which of the primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical?
What is the internal ridge which is found at the point in which the trachea divides?
What is the internal ridge which is found at the point in which the trachea divides?
What branches from the primary bronchi?
What branches from the primary bronchi?
How many lobes does the right and left lung have?
How many lobes does the right and left lung have?
What are the smaller bronchi that branch from the secondary bronchi?
What are the smaller bronchi that branch from the secondary bronchi?
What branches from the tertiary/segmental bronchi?
What branches from the tertiary/segmental bronchi?
What structure signifies the end of the conduction zone?
What structure signifies the end of the conduction zone?
What is the double-layered membrane that surrounds each lung?
What is the double-layered membrane that surrounds each lung?
If someone has pleural effusion, what is wrong with them?
If someone has pleural effusion, what is wrong with them?
What is the hilum/hilus?
What is the hilum/hilus?
How much smaller is the left lung, as a result of the cardiac notch?
How much smaller is the left lung, as a result of the cardiac notch?
What is the segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies called?
What is the segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies called?
What is the specific structure that participates in gas exchange?
What is the specific structure that participates in gas exchange?
What is the cell type found in alveoli that are the main site of gas exchange?
What is the cell type found in alveoli that are the main site of gas exchange?
What alveolar cell type contains microvilli, are fewer in numbers, secretes alveolar fluid, and keeps the surface between the cells and air moist?
What alveolar cell type contains microvilli, are fewer in numbers, secretes alveolar fluid, and keeps the surface between the cells and air moist?
What are the small compartments found in each bronchopulmonary segment called?
What are the small compartments found in each bronchopulmonary segment called?
What does each lobule of the bronchopulmonary segment contain, and what is it wrapped in?
What does each lobule of the bronchopulmonary segment contain, and what is it wrapped in?
What is the name of the fissure that can be found on both lungs, dividing them into lobes?
What is the name of the fissure that can be found on both lungs, dividing them into lobes?
What is the name of the fissure that can only be found on the right lung?
What is the name of the fissure that can only be found on the right lung?
How many tertiary bronchi are in both lungs?
How many tertiary bronchi are in both lungs?
What are the 4 parts of the respiratory membrane?
What are the 4 parts of the respiratory membrane?
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the lungs?
What are the two arteries that supply blood to the lungs?
What are the only arteries in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?
What are the only arteries in the body that carries deoxygenated blood?
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
Name some examples of structures and secretions that help maintain patency.
Name some examples of structures and secretions that help maintain patency.
Name some factors that compromise patency.
Name some factors that compromise patency.
What are the three basic steps of respiration?
What are the three basic steps of respiration?
What does pulmonary ventilation/breathing involve?
What does pulmonary ventilation/breathing involve?
What does external/pulmonary respiration involve?
What does external/pulmonary respiration involve?
What does internal/tissue respiration involve?
What does internal/tissue respiration involve?
In pulmonary respiration, what makes it possible for air to flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs?
In pulmonary respiration, what makes it possible for air to flow between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs?
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is _______ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is _______ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Air moves out of the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is ________ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
Air moves out of the lungs when the air pressure inside the lungs is ________ than the air pressure in the atmosphere.
What is the air pressure of the atmosphere at sea level?
What is the air pressure of the atmosphere at sea level?
When is the air pressure inside the lungs equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere?
When is the air pressure inside the lungs equal to the air pressure of the atmosphere?
How is a lower pressure (lower than atmospheric pressure) in the alveoli achieved to produce flow of air into the lungs?
How is a lower pressure (lower than atmospheric pressure) in the alveoli achieved to produce flow of air into the lungs?
What is Boyle's law?
What is Boyle's law?
What are the main muscles of inhalation?
What are the main muscles of inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during normal quiet inhalation?
What happens to the diaphragm during normal quiet inhalation?
What happens when the external intercostals contract during inhalation?
What happens when the external intercostals contract during inhalation?
The diaphragm is responsible for ______% of the air that enters the lungs and the external intercostals are responsible for ______% during quiet breathing.
The diaphragm is responsible for ______% of the air that enters the lungs and the external intercostals are responsible for ______% during quiet breathing.
During quiet inhalations, what is the pressure between the two pleural layers in the pleural cavity called and what is the pressure?
During quiet inhalations, what is the pressure between the two pleural layers in the pleural cavity called and what is the pressure?
As the volume of the lungs increase, what is the pressure in the lungs called?
As the volume of the lungs increase, what is the pressure in the lungs called?
What are the accessory muscles of inhalation?
What are the accessory muscles of inhalation?
Inhalation is said to be a/an ________ process.
Inhalation is said to be a/an ________ process.
Exhalation is said to be a/an ________ process.
Exhalation is said to be a/an ________ process.
What muscular contractions are involved in exhalation?
What muscular contractions are involved in exhalation?
When does exhalation start?
When does exhalation start?
What is the alveolar pressure in the lungs during exhalation?
What is the alveolar pressure in the lungs during exhalation?
Besides air pressure differences, name three factors that affect the rate of airflow and ease pulmonary ventilation.
Besides air pressure differences, name three factors that affect the rate of airflow and ease pulmonary ventilation.
What is the substance made of phospholipids and lipoproteins that is present in alveolar fluid and reduces surface tension?
What is the substance made of phospholipids and lipoproteins that is present in alveolar fluid and reduces surface tension?
What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?
What is compliance of the lungs?
What is compliance of the lungs?
Describe high and low compliance.
Describe high and low compliance.
Airflow =
Airflow =
What is eupnea?
What is eupnea?
What is costal breathing?
What is costal breathing?
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
What is diaphragmatic breathing?
What is tidal volume (Vt)?
What is tidal volume (Vt)?
What is the minute volume (MV)?
What is the minute volume (MV)?
The air that remains in the conducting airways (about 30 percent) that does not undergo respiratory exchange is called what?
The air that remains in the conducting airways (about 30 percent) that does not undergo respiratory exchange is called what?
What is alveolar ventilation rate?
What is alveolar ventilation rate?
What is the average inspiratory reserve volume (additional inhaled air) in males and females?
What is the average inspiratory reserve volume (additional inhaled air) in males and females?
What is the average expiratory reserve volume (additional exhaled air) in males and females?
What is the average expiratory reserve volume (additional exhaled air) in males and females?
What is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1.0)?
What is forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1.0)?
Flashcards
Respiratory System
Respiratory System
The system that facilitates gas exchange between the body and the external environment.
Respiratory System Structures
Respiratory System Structures
Includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Upper Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System
Consists of nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx.
Lower Respiratory System
Lower Respiratory System
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Conducting Zone
Conducting Zone
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Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Zone
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External Nose - Bone
External Nose - Bone
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External Nose - Cartilage
External Nose - Cartilage
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External Nares
External Nares
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Internal Nose
Internal Nose
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Olfactory Region
Olfactory Region
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Respiratory Region
Respiratory Region
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Nasal Conchae
Nasal Conchae
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Pharynx
Pharynx
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Fauces
Fauces
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Larynx
Larynx
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Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid Cartilage
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Cricoid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
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Epiglottis
Epiglottis
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Arytenoid Cartilages
Arytenoid Cartilages
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Trachea
Trachea
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Cartilage Rings of the Trachea
Cartilage Rings of the Trachea
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Trachea - Mucous Membrane and Cilia
Trachea - Mucous Membrane and Cilia
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Bronchi
Bronchi
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Lungs and Lobes
Lungs and Lobes
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Type I Alveolar Cells
Type I Alveolar Cells
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Type II Alveolar Cells
Type II Alveolar Cells
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
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External Respiration
External Respiration
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Internal Respiration
Internal Respiration
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- Comprised of structures: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
- Divided structurally into upper (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx) and lower (larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs) respiratory systems.
- Functionally classified into conducting zone (air passage) and respiratory zone (gas exchange).
Conducting Zone
- Includes: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles.
- Main function: filter, warm, and moisten air before reaching lungs.
Respiratory Zone
- Composed of: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
- Primary site for gas exchange between air and blood.
External Nose
- Bony framework formed by frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae.
- Cartilaginous structure includes septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilage, and alar cartilage.
- Features external nares (nostrils) for airflow.
Internal Nose and Nasal Cavity
- Lined with muscle and mucous membrane for air conditioning.
- Divided into respiratory and olfactory regions.
- Contains nasal conchae which enhance airflow and filtration.
Pharynx
- Consists of three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx.
- Fauces is the opening in the oropharynx leading to the larynx.
Larynx Structure
- Connects laryngopharynx to trachea; composed of 9 cartilages.
- Contains: thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis (Adam's Apple).
- Arytenoid cartilages control vocal fold tension and position.
Trachea
- Known as the windpipe; divides into left and right primary bronchi at T5 vertebra.
- Supported by C-shaped cartilage rings to maintain patency against collapse.
- Lined with mucous membrane and cilia to trap debris.
Bronchi and Lungs
- Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes due to cardiac notch.
- Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles, terminating at terminal bronchioles, marking the end of the conducting zone.
Alveoli and Gas Exchange
- Alveoli are primary sites of gas exchange, composed mainly of type I alveolar cells.
- Type II alveolar cells secrete surfactant, which reduces surface tension.
- Each bronchioles' lobule contains lymphatic vessels, arterioles, and venules.
Pulmonary Blood Supply
- Supplied by pulmonary and bronchial arteries; unique in carrying deoxygenated blood (pulmonary arteries).
- Ventilation-perfusion coupling improves blood flow matching to airflow.
Respiration Mechanics
- Consists of three phases: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration.
- Inhalation increases lung volume, creating lower pressure inside the lungs, allowing air to flow in.
- Diaphragm contributes 75% of inhalation effort, external intercostals 25%.
- Exhalation is primarily a passive process through relaxation of muscles.
Breathing Patterns
- Eupnea refers to normal quiet breathing patterns.
- Costal breathing involves shallow chest movements; diaphragmatic breathing involves deep abdominal movements.
Lung Volumes and Capacities
- Tidal volume (Vt) is the volume of one breath; minute volume (MV) is the total air exchanged per minute.
- Anatomic dead space consists of air remaining in conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange.
- Averaged specific lung volumes for males and females include inspiratory reserve (3100 mL males, 1900 mL females) and expiratory reserve (1200 mL males, 700 mL females).
Key Concepts
- Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between volume and pressure during respiration.
- Compliance of lungs describes mechanical stretchability; high compliance indicates ease of expansion, while low compliance resists it.
- Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) can occur in premature newborns lacking adequate surfactant.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the respiratory system with these flashcards. Covering structures and classifications, this quiz helps reinforce your understanding of the anatomy and function of the respiratory system.
