Human Physiology Overview
47 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the main objective of functional activities at all levels of organization in the body?

  • To promote cell division
  • To enhance nutrient absorption
  • To maintain homeostasis (correct)
  • To increase metabolic rate

    • Which of the following best describes the 'Milieu Interieur' as introduced by Claude Bernard?

  • The digestive processes within the body
  • The overall body temperature regulation
  • The external environment surrounding the organism
  • The environment surrounding individual cells (correct)

    • What percentage of body weight does water constitute, as stated in the content?

  • 30% to 50%
  • 45% to 75% (correct)
  • 55% to 85%
  • 60% to 80%

    • What role does water play in the body as described in the content?

    <p>It is the medium for solute dissolution and metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT included in the categories of body fluids as stated?

    <p>Color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of water intake and output in the provided data?

    <p>2.7L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of water loss is classified as 'obligatory'?

    <p>Urine and stool loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is considered the key homeostatic organ for water balance?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the daily approximate volume of insensible water loss?

    <p>1.0L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes facultative losses from obligatory losses?

    <p>Facultative losses can vary depending on hydration status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to oxidative water loss?

    <p>Metabolism of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much oxidative water is produced from metabolism according to the data?

    <p>0.4L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of composition, what differentiates insensible perspiration from sweating?

    <p>Insensible perspiration is pure water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What topic is covered immediately after the course overview on August 30?

    <p>Body Fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which dates is the quiz on Body Fluids/Transport Mechanism available?

    <p>September 9 to September 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one aspect covered under the topic of Body Fluids?

    <p>Milieu Interieur &amp; Homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was emphasized about water balance in the Body Fluids lecture summary?

    <p>It involves dynamic steady-state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration given for completing the End-of-Section Quiz?

    <p>2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the first quiz related to Body Fluids/Transport Mechanism open?

    <p>September 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event occurs on September 2nd regarding class schedules?

    <p>Labour Day - No Class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What combination of topics is assessed in the quiz on September 9?

    <p>Body Fluids and Transport Mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of molarity?

    <p>The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between molality and molarity?

    <p>Molarity measures solute per volume of solution, while molality measures solute per mass of solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the number of reactive units (equivalents) of an ion calculated?

    <p>By multiplying the molarity of the ion by its valency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which barrier is responsible for the transport between intracellular fluid (ICF) and the external environment?

    <p>Cell (plasma) membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Avogadro's number is correct?

    <p>It indicates the number of molecules in 1 mole of any substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate total amount of body water in a 70-kg male?

    <p>42 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final concentration of 100 mg of medication in the body of a 70-kg female?

    <p>0.0029 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to know body water percentages?

    <p>It is crucial for administering water-soluble medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is the body water percentage typically lower?

    <p>In elderly females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much body water is present in a 70-kg elderly female?

    <p>31.5 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final concentration of medication in a 70-kg very thin male after administering 100 mg of medication?

    <p>0.0019 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When converting units, how many micrograms are in 0.0029 mg?

    <p>29 µg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much water is obtained from oxidative metabolism in liters?

    <p>0.4 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of medication concentration calculation?

    <p>Volume of water in liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many liters of water does a 7-kg infant have in their body?

    <p>5.25 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the % water for a 70-kg female?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body water content of a 70-kg female in kilograms?

    <p>35 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a dynamic steady state in body water?

    <p>Balance of intake and output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the volume of Intracellular Fluid (ICF) if Total Body Water is 42 L and Extracellular Fluid (ECF) is 14 L?

    <p>28 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Total Plasma Volume is 3 L and the Hematocrit is 40%, what is the Total Blood Volume?

    <p>4.2 L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes the ionic composition of Intracellular Fluid (ICF) from Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

    <p>ICF is high in K+ and low in Na+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common physiological solution that substitutes for plasma or ISF?

    <p>Ringer’s Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does '1 g%' indicate in a solution?

    <p>1 g of solute in 100 ml of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is molarity defined in a solution?

    <p>Weight in grams of solute per liter of solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component found in a 0.9% saline solution?

    <p>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes reactive units in a solution?

    <p>Number of charges per unit volume in a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    PHGY 209 - Body Fluids

    • Course taught by Dr. Melissa A. Vollrath
    • Contact information provided: Email, phone number, and location
    • Course assistants listed, with contact information
    • Course dates: August 30 - September 20, 2024
    • Course topics include body fluids, transport mechanisms, and blood.

    Fundamental Principle

    • Homeostasis is the relative constancy of the internal environment ("Milieu Interieur").
    • Functional activities at all levels of organization are directed towards maintaining homeostasis.
    • Claude Bernard (1813-1878) described the internal environment as the "milieu interieur."
    • The internal environment, surrounding individual cells, is vastly different from the external environment, but remains relatively constant in healthy conditions.

    Aspects of Body Fluids

    • Volume
    • Distribution
    • Characteristics
    • Functions

    Water Content of the Body

    • Water (H₂O) is the most abundant substance in the body, accounting for 45% to 75% of body weight.
    • Water content varies between individuals.
    • Significant variation in water content can be due to differences in body fat.
    • Water content, expressed as a percentage of lean body mass, is more consistent between individuals.
    • The typical percentage of water in a 70-kg, 21-year-old, white male is 60%.
    • Water content also varies greatly with age and sex. Infants have a higher proportion of body water, which decreases with age. Males tend to have a higher proportion of body water compared to females.

    Body Water Functions

    • Moistens tissues (mouth, eyes, nose)
    • Protects body organs and tissues
    • Helps prevent constipation
    • Dissolves minerals and other nutrients to make them accessible to the body
    • Regulates body temperature
    • Lubricates joints
    • Lessens the burden on kidneys and liver by flushing out waste products
    • Carries nutrients and oxygen to cells

    Water Balance

    • Fluid intake is balanced by fluid output.
    • Intake comes from oral fluid, oral intake as food, and oxidative water from metabolism; totaling 2.7 liters.
    • Output includes loss via lungs, skin (insensible), kidneys (facultative), and stool (feces).
    • Obligatory losses are approximately 1.5 liters per day (lungs and skin, urine and stool).
    • Facultative losses vary with intake, with kidneys making adjustments.
    • Sweat is a non-obligatory output.

    Body Water is in a "Dynamic Steady State"

    • Body water remains constant in health.
    • Water is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with continual transfers between various compartments in the body.

    Body Water Compartments

    • Total body water is ~60% of body mass (in a healthy adult).
    • The two major compartments are Intracellular Fluid (ICF) and Extracellular Fluid (ECF).
    • ICF is the aggregate of fluid bound by internal surfaces of all cell membranes(~40% of body mass).
    • ECF includes the aggregate of fluid outside of the cell(~20% of body mass) and is subdivided into Interstitial Fluid (ISF) and plasma, which make up ~15% and ~5%, respectively of body mass.
    • Transcellular fluid, which accounts for less than 2% of total body water, is present within special body cavities or ducts secreted by specific epithelial cells.

    Methods to Determine Compartment Volumes

    • Indicator dilution method used to calculate fluid volumes: Inject a known quantity of substance (indicator) into the body. Allow sufficient time for the indicator to distribute evenly. Collect a sample of body fluid (e.g. plasma). Measure the concentration of the indicator in the sampled fluid. Use the formula: Volume = Quantity of indicator/ Concentration of indicator.

    • Substances commonly used include a labelled compound such as Antipyrine, heavy water, or radioactively labelled compounds such as inulin or sucrose and mannitol.

    Units of Concentration

    • Amount (mass): 1 g% = 1 g of solute in 1 dl (100ml) water.
    • Number of solute molecules: 1 mol = gram molecular weight/ 1 L of H2O
    • Number of reactive units: 1 equivalent = molarity of ion x valency of ion.

    Additional Notes

    • The slides contain information on how to calculate body fluid for males and females of different weights.
    • Water balance, compartment distribution, and methods to measure compartment volumes are key concepts in the course.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Body Fluids Lectures #1 & #2 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers fundamental aspects of human physiology, focusing on functional activities at various organizational levels, the concept of 'Milieu Interieur' introduced by Claude Bernard, and the role of water in the body. Test your knowledge on the significance of body fluids and their composition within the human body.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser