Human Physiology Chapter on Nervous and Circulatory Systems

<p>The parasympathetic pathway only uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The autonomic nervous system provides rapid, short-lived responses, while the endocrine system provides slower, longer-lasting responses. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a higher pressure than arteries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the backflow of blood in veins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High blood pressure in the veins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuous capillaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fenestrated capillaries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinusoidal capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inferior vena cava (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary vein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aorta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the thoracic cavity, between the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Releases acetylcholine, which binds to a muscarinic receptor on the target cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulate the production of red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reversibly binds oxygen molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Basophil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diapedesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack a nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytize foreign particles and bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaundice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control of heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a master regulator defining the set points for autonomic functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Platelets release chemicals that attract other platelets to the site of injury, leading to a platelet plug. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embolus is a detached piece of a thrombus that travels through the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tPA helps to dissolve blood clots by activating plasminogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elastic arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteries have a thicker tunica media (middle layer) with more smooth muscle and elastic fibers than veins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tunica media helps to regulate blood flow by controlling vessel diameter. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endothelium regulates the permeability of the vessel and prevents blood clotting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myeloid leukemia involves abnormal granulocytes, while lymphoid leukemia involves abnormal lymphocytes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, leading to less oxygen delivery to tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilate blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plaque deposits and calcification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased due to scar tissue replacement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inadequate oxygen delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventromedial nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta Blockers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stiffening of heart valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Altering peripheral resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local chemical changes in active tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To restore blood pressure to normal levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased flow to active muscles through vasodilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in cardiac output and blood pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced blood flow and increased peripheral resistance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inability to adequately pump blood to organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in peripheral resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thickening and stiffening of the vessel walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective vasoconstriction in nonessential organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased venous return to the heart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate multiplied by stroke volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stretch on the ventricular wall during filling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a percentage of blood pumped out during ventricular contraction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End diastolic volume and end systolic volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vessel diameter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ejection fraction below 35% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It pulls tissue fluid into the capillaries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It offers strong structural support and does not stretch easily. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water and small solutes are pushed out of the capillary. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left Anterior Descending Artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>End diastolic volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right Atrium → Tricuspid Valve → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Valve (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic nervous system innervation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pressure needed to open semilunar valves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV valves allow blood flow into the heart, while semilunar valves allow blood out. (C), AV valves have fibrous cusps anchored to muscular pegs, semilunar valves do not. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinoatrial (SA) Node (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A flat baseline followed by a plateau phase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial depolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial diastole begins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bradycardia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates a high rate of action potentials independent of the SA node. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AV Node (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To supply blood to the right atrium and both ventricles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventricles relax and fill with blood from the atria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment within the body.

The endocrine system uses hormones, while the autonomic system manages involuntary actions through neural pathways.

The 'fight or flight' response pathway that uses lightly myelinated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postganglionic axons.

The 'rest and digest' pathway using lightly myelinated preganglionic and nonmyelinated postganglionic axons.

Neurotransmitters like Ach and NE affect organ responses in sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

A yellow pigment formed from the breakdown of red blood cells.

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

A genetic disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin and crescent-shaped red blood cells.

A cancer affecting white blood cells.

Cell fragments important for blood clotting.

The sequence of events that leads to blood clot formation.

Thrombus: stationary blood clot; Embolus: traveling clot.

Blood flow from the heart to the body and back.

Blood flow from the heart to the lungs and back.

Large arteries with high elastic fiber content.

Most organs receive sympathetic & parasympathetic control.

Acts as a master regulator for the autonomic nervous system.

Neurotransmitter released in parasympathetic system.

Type of acetylcholine receptor that binds nicotine.

Type of acetylcholine receptor that binds muscarine.

A neuron that releases acetylcholine.

A drug that blocks a receptor, preventing a response.

A drug that mimics a neurotransmitter and produces a response.

Transport, defend, regulate pH, restrict fluid loss, and regulate temperature.

Liquid component of blood, mainly water, proteins, and electrolytes.

Formation of new red blood cells stimulated by EPO.

Protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen, consists of 4 heme groups.

Defend body, remove toxins, and can perform phagocytosis.

Another name for white blood cells with varying lifespans.

Condition from bilirubin buildup due to liver issues.

Veins that have little muscle and elastic fibers, holding much blood.

Capillaries where materials exchange through the vessel wall.

Valves formed from tunica intima folds, preventing backward blood flow.

Lead to conditions like varicose veins and hemorrhoids due to backward flow.

Capillaries with a complete endothelial lining, allowing small solutes to pass.

Capillaries with small pores, allowing rapid exchange of water and larger solutes.

Capillaries with large gaps permitting free exchange of large proteins and cells.

Include superior and inferior vena cava transporting blood to the right heart.

Pulmonary veins carry blood from lungs back to the heart.

The heart lies in the thoracic cavity, left of midline, posterior to sternum.

Visible swelling in tissues, especially legs and arms.

Plaque buildup in arteries causing reduced blood flow.

Drugs that dilate blood vessels to lower blood pressure.

Drugs that decrease heart rate and contractility.

Medications that reduce heart contractility by blocking calcium.

Master regulator that controls hormone release.

Secretes hormones for stress, growth, and lactation.

Stores and releases oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin).

Regulatory systems for hormone secretion in the body.

Age-related changes affect the heart's pumping effectiveness.

The heart wall consists of three layers: outer fibrous pericardium, inner serous pericardium, and the myocardium.

Arteries that supply blood to the heart, including the Left Coronary Artery and Right Coronary Artery.

The uppermost artery on the left side, splits into Circumflex and LAD.

Branch of the left coronary artery supplying the left atrium and posterior wall.

Branch of the left coronary artery supplying the anterior ventricles.

Artery that supplies the right atrium, both ventricles, and conduction nodes.

Blood returns from the body through the vena cava, enters right atrium, goes to right ventricle, leaves through pulmonary valve.

Blood returns from lungs via pulmonary veins into left atrium, leaves through aortic valve to aorta.

AV valves open for blood entering the heart, supported by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles.

Semilunar valves allow blood to leave the heart; no muscles or chordae tendineae involved.

Pacemaker cells depolarize to generate action potentials, with SA nodes firing the fastest.

Impulse generated by SA node, pauses at AV node, flows through AV bundle, branches to ventricles.

Abnormally slow heart rate; often under 60 bpm.

Abnormal cells produce faster action potentials, disrupting normal heart rhythm.

P wave indicates atrial depolarization, QRS complex indicates ventricular depolarization, and T wave indicates ventricular repolarization.

The volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute.

The number of beats per minute, directly affects cardiac output.

The amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle with each contraction.

The stretch on the ventricle wall when it fills during diastole.

The force required to open the semilunar valve and eject blood.

The strength of heart muscle contraction.

The percentage of end diastolic volume pumped out in one beat.

The movement of blood through the circulatory system influenced by pressure and resistance.

Average blood pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle.

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

The resistance blood encounters as it flows through the vessels.

Process pushing water and solutes out of capillaries into tissues due to blood pressure.

Process pulling water back into capillaries from interstitial fluid.

The pressure within capillaries that drives filtration.

Immediate, localized adjustments in blood flow based on tissue needs.

Substances that increase blood flow in active tissues, like chemicals from metabolism.

Substances that decrease blood flow in quiet tissues, often from damaged areas.

Reflex that restores blood pressure to normal when it changes.

Hormonal pathways activated for long-term regulation of blood volume and pressure.

Baroreceptor reflex quickly increases cardiac output when changing positions.

Increased blood flow and cardiac output during activity through vasodilation.

Intense physical activity that activates sympathetic nervous system enhancing heart function.

Cardiovascular adjustments to maintain blood pressure and restore volume after blood loss.

Condition of elevated blood pressure, leading to thickening of blood vessels.

Methods like CABG or angioplasty to restore heart blood flow.

Heart's inability to pump sufficient blood, causing back-up and pressure increase.

Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production, especially after blood loss.

The heart's stroke volume increases with greater ventricular stretch due to venous return.