Physio: Intro

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Questions and Answers

What role do sensory receptors play in the body's functioning?

They stimulate the central nervous system.

They regulate hormone secretion from endocrine glands.

They detect the body and surroundings' state. (correct)

They transport blood fluid through blood vessels.

Which statement accurately describes the central nervous system?

It consists only of the brain and heart.

It produces hormones for metabolic functions.

It regulates fluid movement in the blood.

It includes the brain and spinal cord. (correct)

What is the primary function of hormones in the body as described?

To initiate voluntary movement.

To facilitate sensory receptor signals.

To maintain blood flow through capillaries.

To control metabolic functions of cells. (correct)

How frequent does blood circulation traverse the entire circuit at rest?

Once each minute. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes capillary walls in relation to plasma proteins?

They are permeable, but not to plasma proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the immune system play in the body?

It provides protection against diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for increasing the rates of chemical reactions in cells?

Thyroid hormone. Signup and view all the answers

What does insulin primarily control?

Glucose metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of structural proteins such as collagen in the body?

To provide structure and formation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid makes up approximately 95% of the mass of fat cells?

Triglycerides Signup and view all the answers

In what form are carbohydrates primarily stored in cells?

Glycogen Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes phospholipids from sphingolipids?

Phospholipids contain a glycerol backbone, while sphingolipids include sphingosine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT a principal organelle of the cell as mentioned?

Cytoskeleton Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule primarily composes the cell membrane?

Lipids and proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of phospholipids interact within the cell membrane?

Hydrophobic parts face each other and hydrophilic parts face the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total cell mass do carbohydrates generally comprise?

1% to 2% Signup and view all the answers

What main role do the hydrogen ions play in ATP synthesis?

They facilitate the conversion of ADP to ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What compound is primarily responsible for the high energy content in ATP?

High energy phosphate bonds Signup and view all the answers

Where in the cell does the majority of ATP production occur?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What process begins when glucose enters the cell to contribute to ATP formation?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when ATP releases its energy?

Adenosine diphosphate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about ATP is NOT true?

ATP contains four phosphate radicals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemiosmotic mechanism of ATP formation primarily based on?

The movement of hydrogen ions Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the primary precursor for Acetyl-CoA production?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peripheral proteins associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

To function as enzymes or transport controllers Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is formed in peroxisomes through the action of oxidases?

Hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What role do membrane carbohydrates, specifically the glycocalyx, play in cellular functions?

They act as receptors for hormone binding and assist in cell adhesion. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for processing and transporting molecules within the cell?

Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secretory vesicles formed by the endoplasmic reticulum?

They store inactive proenzymes for later secretion. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of composition, what major components are mainly found in cytosol?

Dissolved proteins, electrolytes, and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules are primarily produced by the endoplasmic reticulum?

Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids Signup and view all the answers

How do oxidases in peroxisomes contribute to cellular health?

By oxidizing harmful substances into less toxic forms Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of actin and contractile fibrils during phagocytosis?

They surround the vesicle and push it into the interior of the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular structures are primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins?

Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus Signup and view all the answers

How do granular ER and ribosomes contribute to protein formation?

Ribosomes synthesize proteins which are excluded to the wall of the ER. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs after membrane receptors attach to particle ligands during phagocytosis?

The membrane evaginates to surround the particle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the contraction of contractile proteins during vesicle formation?

The vesicle separates from the cell membrane. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the result of proteins entering the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

They undergo rapid changes including cross-linking and folding. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) play in cellular function?

It synthesizes lipids and forms transport vesicles. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to glycoproteins during their synthesis in the ER?

They are cross-linked and compacted into effective molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Movement and Fluid Dynamics in the Body

Sensory receptors monitor body status and blood conditions.
Blood circulates throughout the body approximately once per minute at rest and up to six times during high activity.
Capillary walls allow most molecules to pass, except for plasma proteins.
Continuous exchange occurs between cells and interstitial fluid, and between interstitial fluid and blood.

Hormonal Control and Metabolism

Hormones regulate metabolic functions such as growth, metabolism rate, and reproduction.
Secreted hormones include thyroid hormones (boost chemical reactions), insulin (regulates glucose), and adrenal hormones (control sodium, potassium ions, and protein metabolism).
Parathyroid hormone is crucial for calcium and phosphate balance in bones.

Cellular Composition and Structure

Cells consist mainly of lipids (2%), carbohydrates (1% in total, 3% in muscles, 6% in liver), and structural proteins like collagen.
Membrane phospholipids are hydrophobic and hydrophilic; allow transport of selective molecules.
Membrane carbohydrates form the glycocalyx, providing protection and functions in cell signaling.

Organelles and Cytoplasm

Cells contain organelles: cell membrane, nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles.
Cytosol is a jelly-like fluid with proteins, electrolytes, glucose, and organelles dispersed within it.
Key organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (synthesizes proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), Golgi apparatus (processes and transports proteins), mitochondria (energy production), lysosomes (digestion), and peroxisomes (oxidation).

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comprises tubular and vesicular structures for synthesizing and transporting molecules.
Granular ER forms cytoproteins via ribosomes, resulting in glycoproteins after processing.
The Golgi apparatus modifies ER products and packages them into secretory vesicles for transport.

ATP Production and Function

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) comprises adenine, ribose, and three phosphate radicals connected by high-energy bonds.
Mitochondria generate ATP through a process called chemiosmosis, utilizing hydrogen ions to convert adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into ATP.
Approximately 95% of ATP production occurs in mitochondria, with glycolysis contributing less than 5%.
Pyruvic acid, a glycolysis product, is derived from carbohydrates, fatty acids, and amino acids, converting to Acetyl-CoA for further energy production.

Immune System Functionality

The immune system serves as the body’s defense mechanism against pathogens, employing various cells and responses to maintain health and homeostasis.

Cell Membrane Functionality

Peripheral proteins engage as enzymes or transport controllers, while membrane carbohydrates offer structural support and interaction with hormones.
The overall negative charge of the glycocalyx repels similar charges, aiding in cellular interaction and immunity defense.

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Description

Explore the basics of human physiology, focusing on how sensory receptors detect body states and the movement of fluids within the circulatory system. This quiz covers essential aspects of the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. Test your knowledge of fundamental physiological processes!