Podcast
Questions and Answers
______ is the process by which cells digest and degrade their own worn-out organelles.
______ is the process by which cells digest and degrade their own worn-out organelles.
Autophagy
A major function of peroxisomes includes the degradation of toxic substances such as ______ peroxide.
A major function of peroxisomes includes the degradation of toxic substances such as ______ peroxide.
hydrogen
The centrosomes consist of two cylindrical structures called ______.
The centrosomes consist of two cylindrical structures called ______.
centrioles
Mitochondria are often referred to as the ______ of the cell because they produce energy.
Mitochondria are often referred to as the ______ of the cell because they produce energy.
One of the functions of mitochondria includes ______ of calcium in the cell.
One of the functions of mitochondria includes ______ of calcium in the cell.
Ribosomes are responsible for ______ synthesis in the cell.
Ribosomes are responsible for ______ synthesis in the cell.
During apoptosis, the controlled process of cell death, the cell undergoes systematic ______.
During apoptosis, the controlled process of cell death, the cell undergoes systematic ______.
Necrosis is often caused by factors such as ______, which lead to cell injury or death.
Necrosis is often caused by factors such as ______, which lead to cell injury or death.
Lysosomes are often called the ______ systems of the cell because of their degradation activity.
Lysosomes are often called the ______ systems of the cell because of their degradation activity.
The ______ is a membrane-bound organelle involved in the processing of proteins.
The ______ is a membrane-bound organelle involved in the processing of proteins.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the synthesis of ______.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in the synthesis of ______.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum plays a role in ______ metabolism.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum plays a role in ______ metabolism.
Calcium ions can lead to cell damage through ______ signaling pathways.
Calcium ions can lead to cell damage through ______ signaling pathways.
Apoptosis is a process of ______ cell death that is regulated and controlled.
Apoptosis is a process of ______ cell death that is regulated and controlled.
Primary lysosomes are formed by the ______ apparatus.
Primary lysosomes are formed by the ______ apparatus.
Necrosis is typically characterized by uncontrolled and ______ cell death.
Necrosis is typically characterized by uncontrolled and ______ cell death.
Ribosomes are often referred to as ______ factories due to their role in protein synthesis.
Ribosomes are often referred to as ______ factories due to their role in protein synthesis.
Free ribosomes are primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins in the ______, peroxisome, and mitochondria.
Free ribosomes are primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins in the ______, peroxisome, and mitochondria.
Microtubules are characterized by their ______, hollow, and tubular structure.
Microtubules are characterized by their ______, hollow, and tubular structure.
Intermediate filaments form a network around the ______ and extend to the periphery of the cell.
Intermediate filaments form a network around the ______ and extend to the periphery of the cell.
Microfilaments are made up of contractile proteins called ______ and myosin.
Microfilaments are made up of contractile proteins called ______ and myosin.
The diameter of microfilaments is approximately ______ to 6 nm.
The diameter of microfilaments is approximately ______ to 6 nm.
Cells that contain a nucleus are classified as ______.
Cells that contain a nucleus are classified as ______.
The ______ of the nucleus helps protect its contents and separates it from the cytoplasm.
The ______ of the nucleus helps protect its contents and separates it from the cytoplasm.
Flashcards
Heterophagy
Heterophagy
Digestion of extracellular material engulfed by the cell through endocytosis.
Autophagy
Autophagy
Intracellular digestion and breakdown of worn-out cellular components.
Peroxisome function
Peroxisome function
Breakdown of fatty acids, detoxification of harmful substances, and oxygen utilization.
Centrosome role
Centrosome role
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Secretory vesicle
Secretory vesicle
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Mitochondria function
Mitochondria function
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Ribosome Composition
Ribosome Composition
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Mitochondria structure
Mitochondria structure
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Ectoplasm
Ectoplasm
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Endoplasm
Endoplasm
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Rough ER
Rough ER
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Smooth ER
Smooth ER
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosome
Lysosome
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Primary Lysosome
Primary Lysosome
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Ribosome function
Ribosome function
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Free ribosomes
Free ribosomes
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Microtubles function
Microtubles function
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Intermediate filaments function
Intermediate filaments function
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Microfilaments function
Microfilaments function
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Cytoskeleton function
Cytoskeleton function
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Nuclear Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
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What are eukaryotes?
What are eukaryotes?
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Study Notes
Tachycardia and Bradycardia
- Tachycardia: Heart rate above 100 bpm
- Bradycardia: Heart rate below 60 bpm
Cell Definition and Function
- Definition: Structural and functional unit of the living body
- General characteristics: Each cell requires nutrition and oxygen. Each cell produces its own substances for growth, repair, and activities. Cells eliminate carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products. They maintain the medium.
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane: Surrounds the cell body.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance (80% water), includes cytosol, ectoplasm (outer), and endoplasm (inner).
- Cell membrane composition: Proteins (55%), lipids (40%), carbohydrates (5%).
- Lipid function: Semipermeable membrane, allows fat-soluble substances (O2, CO2, alcohol) to pass through. Water-soluble substances (glucose, electrolytes, urea) do not pass through.
- Protein function: Structural integrity, channel proteins for diffusion of water-soluble substances, receptor proteins
- Carbohydrate function: Negatively charged; do not permit negatively charged substances to pass through.
- Organelles: Rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, nucleus, (microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments.)
- Structure of cell parts are described:
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Protein synthesis.
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis of non-protein substances, plays roles in metabolism, and detoxification.
- Golgi apparatus: Processing and packaging of materials, labeling, and delivery of materials.
- Lysosomes: Intracellular digestion, breakdown of macromolecules, and worn-out organelles.
- Peroxisomes: Breaking down fatty acids, detoxification of harmful substances.
- Mitochondria: Energy production (powerhouse/power plant of the cell).
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
- Cytoskeleton:
- Microtubules: Cellular structure, support and movement
- Intermediate filaments: Shape maintenance
- Microfilaments: Structural strength and cellular movement.
- Nucleus:
- Nucleoplasm: Viscous fluid containing chromatin and nucleolus, controls cell activity, synthesizes RNA and sends instructions to the cytoplasm through mRNA.
- Chromatin: Composed of DNA, thread-like material
- Nucleolus: Involved in ribosome synthesis
- Nucleoplasm: Viscous fluid containing chromatin and nucleolus, controls cell activity, synthesizes RNA and sends instructions to the cytoplasm through mRNA.
Cytoplasm and Cell Processes:
- Excretory function: Removal of waste products (metabolites) from the cell
- Exchange of gases: O2 enters, CO2 exits the cell
- Maintenance of the cell's shape and size
- Cellular processes are described such as autophagy and necrosis.
- Function of the cells is described including absorption, excretion by the cell or the maintenance of the cell shape and size.
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