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Questions and Answers
What percentage of your total body mass does blood account for?
What percentage of your total body mass does blood account for?
Blood is less viscous than water.
Blood is less viscous than water.
False
What is the liquid ECM of blood called?
What is the liquid ECM of blood called?
blood plasma
The three main components of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _____.
The three main components of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes, and _____.
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Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?
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The average male has approximately 7–8 liters of blood.
The average male has approximately 7–8 liters of blood.
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Match the following blood components with their primary function:
Match the following blood components with their primary function:
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Blood plasma is composed of _____% water.
Blood plasma is composed of _____% water.
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What is the average hematocrit percentage for adults?
What is the average hematocrit percentage for adults?
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Low hematocrit levels can lead to anemia.
Low hematocrit levels can lead to anemia.
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What process describes the formation of blood cells?
What process describes the formation of blood cells?
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Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a reduction in oxygen transport to tissues or _____
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a reduction in oxygen transport to tissues or _____
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Match the following blood components with their descriptions:
Match the following blood components with their descriptions:
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Which type of stem cell develops into lymphoid stem cells?
Which type of stem cell develops into lymphoid stem cells?
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All white blood cells can proliferate after leaving the bone marrow.
All white blood cells can proliferate after leaving the bone marrow.
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?
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The kidneys synthesize __________ which increases the number of erythrocyte precursors.
The kidneys synthesize __________ which increases the number of erythrocyte precursors.
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Match the following leukocytes with their characteristics:
Match the following leukocytes with their characteristics:
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What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried by red blood cells?
What percentage of carbon dioxide is carried by red blood cells?
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Erythrocytes possess a nucleus at maturity.
Erythrocytes possess a nucleus at maturity.
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What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the blood?
What role does nitric oxide (NO) play in the blood?
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Macrophages destroy worn-out or damaged red blood cells in the _____ or _____ marrow.
Macrophages destroy worn-out or damaged red blood cells in the _____ or _____ marrow.
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Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for defending against parasitic infections?
Which type of leukocyte is primarily responsible for defending against parasitic infections?
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Basophils primarily release chemicals that promote inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions.
Basophils primarily release chemicals that promote inflammation and hypersensitivity reactions.
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What is the function of neutrophils at the site of infection?
What is the function of neutrophils at the site of infection?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for blood coagulation?
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for blood coagulation?
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Eosinophils have granules that stain with _____ dyes.
Eosinophils have granules that stain with _____ dyes.
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The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is activated by the contact between damaged endothelial cells and connective tissue.
The extrinsic pathway of blood clotting is activated by the contact between damaged endothelial cells and connective tissue.
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Which leukocyte is derived from the lymphoid stem cell lineage?
Which leukocyte is derived from the lymphoid stem cell lineage?
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The lifespan of platelets is approximately 5 to 9 weeks.
The lifespan of platelets is approximately 5 to 9 weeks.
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What is the primary antigen that is tested in ABO blood typing?
What is the primary antigen that is tested in ABO blood typing?
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Blood clots may result in __________ if they block small vessels.
Blood clots may result in __________ if they block small vessels.
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What is the main role of monocytes once they arrive at the site of infection?
What is the main role of monocytes once they arrive at the site of infection?
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Match the following blood disorders with their descriptions:
Match the following blood disorders with their descriptions:
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Hemostasis is the process that prevents _____ from occurring.
Hemostasis is the process that prevents _____ from occurring.
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What is released by platelets to promote vasoconstriction?
What is released by platelets to promote vasoconstriction?
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What happens to the second Rh+ fetus if the mother has generated anti-Rh antibodies during her first pregnancy?
What happens to the second Rh+ fetus if the mother has generated anti-Rh antibodies during her first pregnancy?
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Individuals with blood type O have both A and B antigens on their erythrocytes.
Individuals with blood type O have both A and B antigens on their erythrocytes.
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What chemical signaling leads to vascular spasm during hemostasis?
What chemical signaling leads to vascular spasm during hemostasis?
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Match the following leukocytes with their primary functions:
Match the following leukocytes with their primary functions:
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What kind of antibodies does an individual with blood type O produce?
What kind of antibodies does an individual with blood type O produce?
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Sickle cell disease is characterized by a genetic mutation in the _________ gene.
Sickle cell disease is characterized by a genetic mutation in the _________ gene.
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Neutrophils release _____ to disrupt bacterial membranes.
Neutrophils release _____ to disrupt bacterial membranes.
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Chemotaxis is the process that allows white blood cells to move toward chemical signals released by invaders.
Chemotaxis is the process that allows white blood cells to move toward chemical signals released by invaders.
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Match the types of hemoglobin with their characteristics:
Match the types of hemoglobin with their characteristics:
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What type of granules do basophils contain that stains with basic dyes?
What type of granules do basophils contain that stains with basic dyes?
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Which of the following treatment options is commonly used for hemophilia?
Which of the following treatment options is commonly used for hemophilia?
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What is released in response to tissue damage to help activate platelets?
What is released in response to tissue damage to help activate platelets?
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Individuals with sickle cell disease have a lower risk of malaria.
Individuals with sickle cell disease have a lower risk of malaria.
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What is the main consequence of excessive clot formation in blood vessels?
What is the main consequence of excessive clot formation in blood vessels?
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In the common pathway for blood clotting, activated factor X joins with factor V to form __________.
In the common pathway for blood clotting, activated factor X joins with factor V to form __________.
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Study Notes
Extracellular Fluids of the Body
- Three extracellular fluids: blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph
- Nutrients move from blood to interstitial fluid to cells.
Blood: Composition and Function
- Blood is a connective tissue with formed elements (cells) in a liquid extracellular matrix (plasma).
- Blood accounts for ~8% of body mass.
- Average male blood volume: 5-6 L; average female: 4-5 L.
- Blood is more viscous than water.
- Blood temperature: ~38ºC; pH: 7.35-7.45.
- Three main functions:
- Transportation (oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste)
- Regulation (pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure)
- Protection (against blood loss, invasion, disease)
Composition of Blood
- Two components:
- Blood plasma (55%):
- Liquid extracellular matrix containing dissolved substances (91.5% water, 8.5% solutes).
- Proteins: albumin (maintains osmotic pressure), globulins (antibodies, transport proteins), fibrinogen (blood clotting).
- Other solutes: electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, metabolic wastes.
- Formed elements (45%):
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells): most abundant, transport O2 and CO2. Lack organelles at maturity to maximize space for hemoglobin.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells): various types, fight infection and invasion.
- Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragments, crucial for clotting.
- Blood plasma (55%):
Blood Cell Formation (Hemopoiesis)
- Blood cells are continuously replenished.
- Hemopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.
- Starts from pluripotent stem cells.
- Develops into two lineages: myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.
- Each lineage produces precursor cells that differentiate into formed elements.
- WBCs divide after leaving bone marrow.
Regulation of Blood Cell Formation
- Hematopoietic growth factors (hormones affecting blood cell formation):
- Erythropoietin (EPO): increases erythrocyte production, produced in kidneys.
- Thrombopoietin (TPO): stimulates platelet formation, produced in the liver.
- Cytokines: stimulate leukocyte and lymphocyte proliferation, produced in red bone marrow.
Erythrocytes (Structure and Function)
- Biconcave discs: large surface area to volume ratio, flexible for capillary passage.
- Anucleate at maturity; lack most organelles except for hemoglobin (Hb).
- Hb transports oxygen (~250 million Hb/erythrocyte).
- Also carry ~23% of body's CO2.
- Contain carbonic anhydrase: converts CO2 to carbonic acid (important blood buffer).
- Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a hormone, released by endothelial cells in response to stress, causing vasodilation.
- Life span: ~120 days.
- Worn-out erythrocytes are destroyed by macrophages in the liver, spleen, or red bone marrow.
Erythrocyte Life Cycle
- Hemoglobin broken down; globin into amino acids (recycled); iron (ferric) bound to transferrin, stored in ferritin or transported to bone marrow for new erythropoiesis.
- Iron-less heme products: yellow products excreted by kidneys, others in feces.
- Erythropoiesis is stimulated by reduced oxygen transport (hypoxia) via EPO.
Leukocytes (Structure and Function)
- Granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (contain visible granules).
- Agranular leukocytes: lymphocytes (derived from lymphoid stem cells), monocytes (derived from myeloid stem cells, differentiate into macrophages).
- Major functions: infection and invasion defense.
Leukocyte Function: Inflammation and Immunity
- WBCs defend against infection, express MHC proteins (self-identifying).
- Invaders trapped, cilia sweep away debris.
- WBCs accumulate at infection site (emigration), chemotaxis.
- Neutrophils: fast responders, phagocytize pathogens, release lysozyme, oxidizing chemicals, defensins.
- Eosinophils: fight parasites, secrete histaminase to disrupt signaling.
- Basophils: inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions, release heparin, histamine, serotonin.
- Lymphocytes: circulate and reside in lymphatic system, B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes and natural killer cells fight infected and cancerous cells.
- Monocytes: differentiate into wandering macrophages, clean up cell debris.
- Inflammation leads to emigration, chemotaxis, tissue disinfection, and tissue healing.
Platelets
- Formed from megakaryocytes which divide themselves into fragments that are now platelets.
- Contain granules with clotting factors.
- Life span: 5-9 days.
Hemostasis
- Hemostasis prevents excessive bleeding:
- Vascular spasm: blood vessel damage causes smooth muscle spasm
- Platelet plug formation: platelets adhere, activate, aggregate (clumping).
- Blood clotting (coagulation): platelet plug + insoluble protein fibers for reinforcement.
Blood Clot Formation
- Clotting factors (including Ca2+, liver-made enzymes, platelet substances): intrinsic (internal damage) and extrinsic (external factor) pathways.
- Activation of factor X leads to formation of prothrombinase from factor X and V which then converts prothrombin to thrombin.
- Thrombin acts on fibrinogen converting it into fibrin.
- Factor XIII stabilizes fibrin threads.
Blood Clotting Regulation
- Tightly controlled: thrombosis (clumping) = blocked vessels, emboli (embolism) = stroke, pulmonary embolism; hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) = anemia, shock.
Diseases and Disorders of Blood
- ABO blood groups: glycolipid antigens; agglutinins (antibodies) clump erythrocytes (agglutination), individuals make antibodies against foreign antigens.
- Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN): Rh factor incompatibility between mother and fetus.
- Anemia: reduced oxygen carrying capacity (many causes).
- Sickle cell disease: genetic mutation in globin gene, elongated cells, protects against malaria.
- Hemophilia: insufficient clotting factors.
- Polycythemia: too many erythrocytes, thickened blood.
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Description
This quiz covers the composition and functions of blood as well as the three types of extracellular fluids: blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph. It delves into the roles blood plays in transportation, regulation, and protection within the body, providing essential knowledge for understanding human physiology.
