Human Physiology: Blood and Extracellular Fluids

False (B)

blood plasma

<p>platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes = Fight infection Platelets = Blood clotting Plasma = Liquid ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>91.5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>47% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythrocytes = Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Leukocytes = Defend against pathogens Platelets = Involved in blood clotting Plasma = Liquid component of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pluripotent stem cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = Phagocytic cells Eosinophils = Combat parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine during allergic reactions Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>23% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>liver, red bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytize pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glycolipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differentiate into macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia = Condition of insufficient red blood cells Hemophilia = Inherited disorder of insufficient clotting factors Polycythemia = Excessive number of red blood cells Sickle cell disease = Genetic mutation affecting hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reflexes initiated by pain receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils = Fast response to bacterial infections Lymphocytes = Defend against viral infections and cancer cells Eosinophils = Fight parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine during inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>anti-A and anti-B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal hemoglobin = Disc-shaped red blood cells Sickle hemoglobin = Elongated red blood cells Oxygen-carrying capacity = Affected in sickle cell disease Protection against malaria = Advantage of sickle cell alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infusions of synthetic clotting factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>prothrombinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood is made of two main parts: plasma (liquid) and formed elements (cells).

The liquid part of blood, mostly water with dissolved substances like proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products.

The cellular components of blood, including red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

Red blood cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.

White blood cells that fight infection and disease.

Cell fragments that help stop bleeding by forming blood clots.

Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, and waste products throughout the body.

Blood controls pH, body temperature, and osmotic pressure.

The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

A hematocrit below the normal range (<40), indicating too few red blood cells.

A hematocrit above the normal range (>65), indicating too many red blood cells.

The process of blood cell formation in red bone marrow.

Stem cells that can develop into multiple types of blood cells.

A lineage of blood stem cells that give rise to red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells.

A lineage of blood stem cells that gives rise to lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

A hormone that increases the number of red blood cell precursors.

The characteristic shape of red blood cells, maximizing surface area for gas exchange.

Without a nucleus. Red blood cells lack a nucleus after maturation.

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

An enzyme in red blood cells that converts carbon dioxide into bicarbonate.

A condition of low oxygen levels in tissues.

White blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm.

Phagocytic white blood cells that are part of the innate immune system.

The process of engulfing and destroying pathogens by immune cells like neutrophils.

Immune cells that defend against parasites, particularly worms

Immune cells involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions, releasing histamine, heparin, and serotonin

Agranular immune cells that fight viral infection and cancer; including B and T cells

Immune cells that differentiate into macrophages (cleaning up cellular debris) or osteoclasts

The movement of cells towards a chemical stimulus, like injured tissues or invaders. 

The process that prevents excessive bleeding (hemorrhage).

Narrowing of blood vessels to limit blood loss following damage.

Platelets clump together to form a temporary plug at a blood vessel injury site.

A reinforced platelet plug (containing protein fibers), preventing further blood loss.

Specialized immune cells derived from monocytes, functioning to remove cellular debris.

Large cells in the bone marrow that break up to form platelets.

The process of blood clot formation. It requires clotting factors like calcium ions, enzymes from the liver, and substances released by platelets and damaged tissues.

A blood clotting pathway triggered by damage within the blood vessels themselves. It involves contact with connective tissue, activation of factor XII, and release of phospholipids by platelets.

A blood clotting pathway activated by an external substance, tissue factor (TF), released from damaged blood vessel cells. TF activates factor X, starting the clotting cascade.

A substance released from damaged blood vessel cells that activates the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting. It's composed of phospholipids and lipoproteins.

The final phase of blood clotting, where activated factor X joins with factor V to form prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin, which in turn converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, forming the clot.

An enzyme that plays a crucial role in blood clotting. It converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming the mesh-like structure of the clot and also activates factor XIII, stabilizing the fibrin threads.

A soluble protein found in blood plasma. Thrombin converts it into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms the mesh-like structure of a blood clot.

An insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by thrombin. It forms the mesh-like structure of a blood clot, trapping blood cells and platelets.

The formation of an abnormal blood clot inside a blood vessel, which can obstruct blood flow. It can lead to embolism, stroke, or pulmonary embolism.

A blockage in a blood vessel caused by a blood clot, air bubble, or other debris traveling through the bloodstream.

A classification of blood types based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (glycolipids) on the surface of red blood cells. These antigens determine the antibodies present in the plasma.

Antibodies found in the plasma that recognize and bind to A or B antigens on red blood cells, leading to agglutination (clumping) of the cells.

The clumping of red blood cells when they come into contact with agglutinins (antibodies) that recognize their specific surface antigens.

A protein antigen found on the surface of red blood cells. Individuals with the Rh antigen are Rh-positive (+), while those without it are Rh-negative (-)

A condition that can occur when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus. During pregnancy, the mother's immune system may develop anti-Rh antibodies, which can cross the placenta and attack the fetus's red blood cells, leading to anemia and jaundice in the newborn.