Blood and Extracellular Fluids Overview
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total body mass does blood account for?

  • 8% (correct)
  • 10%
  • 4%
  • 6%

    • Blood is less viscous than water.

    False

    What is the scientific study of blood and blood-forming tissues called?

    hematology

    Blood plasma makes up _____% of blood.

    <p>55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of blood?

    <p>Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one main component of the formed elements in blood.

    <p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, or platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are responsible for transporting _____ and _____.

    <p>O2 and CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the blood components with their functions:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Transport O2 and CO2 Leukocytes = Fight infection Platelets = Blood clotting Blood Plasma = Liquid ECM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adult average hematocrit value?

    <p>47</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High hematocrit can lead to the risk of blood clots and strokes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of blood cell formation called?

    <p>Hemopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythropoietin (EPO) is synthesized in the __________.

    <p>kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytic cells Eosinophils = Fight parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine Macrophages = Destroy worn-out RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

    <p>Transports oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mature erythrocytes do not possess mitochondria.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do erythrocytes transport besides oxygen?

    <p>Carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes are ____________ shaped, which allows them to pass through narrow capillaries.

    <p>biconcave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone stimulates platelet formation?

    <p>Thrombopoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes can divide after leaving the bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life cycle duration of an erythrocyte?

    <p>Approximately 120 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____________ hormone helps regulate the proliferation of leukocytes.

    <p>cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of stem cells with their lineages:

    <p>Pluripotent = Develops into multiple cell types Myeloid = Produces red blood cells Lymphoid = Produces lymphocytes Hematopoietic = Regulates blood cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance activates factor X in the extrinsic pathway?

    <p>Tissue factor (TF)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intrinsic pathway activation is initiated by damaged endothelial cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of thrombin in blood clotting?

    <p>To convert fibrinogen to fibrin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of erythrocyte clumping due to agglutinins is called __________.

    <p>agglutination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases to their causes or characteristics:

    <p>Anemia = Lack of healthy red blood cells Sickle cell disease = Genetic mutation affecting red blood cell shape Hemophilia = Insufficient clotting factors Polycythemia = Excessive erythrocytes in blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if blood clots form too easily?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with blood type O has A and B antigens on their erythrocytes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a risk for a second Rh+ child if the mother has become sensitized to Rh antigen?

    <p>Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sickle cell disease is a result of a __________ mutation.

    <p>genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood types to what they can safely receive and donate:

    <p>Type O = Can receive O- and can donate to all Type A = Can receive A and O, can donate to A and AB Type B = Can receive B and O, can donate to B and AB Type AB = Can receive all, can only donate to AB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of excessive blood loss due to a lack of clotting?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with sickle cell alleles are more susceptible to malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can Rh- mothers who have had an Rh+ child develop anti-Rh antibodies? If so, when?

    <p>Yes, after exposure during childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ exchange substances between maternal and fetal blood without mixing.

    <p>placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocytes are known for engaging in phagocytosis?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eosinophils primarily defend against viral infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which white blood cells are attracted to the site of infection?

    <p>chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Agranular leukocytes, including lymphocytes, are derived from the _____ stem cell lineage.

    <p>lymphoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leukocytes with their functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Fast responders to bacterial infections Eosinophils = Defend against parasites Basophils = Release histamine and participate in inflammation Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is released by basophils?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemostasis is the process that regulates the body’s internal environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms when platelets clump together at the site of blood vessel injury?

    <p>platelet plug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils phagocytize pathogens and release _____ chemicals to disrupt bacterial membranes.

    <p>oxidizing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukocytes are primarily involved in fighting viral infections?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lifespan of platelets is approximately 2-4 weeks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of macrophages during an infection?

    <p>clean up debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of _____ is an important step in platelet activation.

    <p>ADP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of leukocytes with their characteristics:

    <p>Neutrophils = Multiple lobes in nucleus Eosinophils = Stain with acidic dyes Basophils = Stain with basic dyes Monocytes = Kidney-shaped nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Extracellular Fluids

    • Three extracellular fluids: blood, interstitial fluid, and lymph
    • Nutrients travel from blood to interstitial fluid to cells.

    Blood Overview

    • Blood is formed elements (cells) in a liquid extracellular matrix (ECM) called blood plasma.
    • Blood circulates in the cardiovascular system (blood, blood vessels, heart).
    • Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming tissues.
    • Blood accounts for 8% of body mass.
    • Average male blood volume: 5-6 liters; average female: 4-5 liters.
    • Blood is more viscous (thick) than water.
    • Blood temperature: ~38ºC; pH range: 7.35-7.45.
    • Three main functions:
      • Transportation: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste.
      • Regulation: pH, body temperature, osmotic pressure.
      • Protection: blood loss, disease.

    Blood Composition

    • Two components:
      • Blood plasma (55%): liquid ECM with dissolved substances.
      • Formed elements (45%): erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.

    Blood Plasma

    • Pale yellow liquid, 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes.
    • Proteins:
      • Albumin (54%): maintains osmotic pressure.
      • Globulins (38%): antibodies, transport proteins.
      • Fibrinogen (7%): blood clotting.
    • Other solutes: electrolytes, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, gases, metabolic wastes.

    Formed Elements

    • Three main components:
      • Erythrocytes (red blood cells): most abundant, transport O2 and CO2. Mature cells lack organelles.
      • Leukocytes (white blood cells): diverse types, fight infection and invasion.
      • Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragments, involved in clotting.

    Hematocrit

    • Hematocrit: percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
    • Normal adult range: ~47%.
    • Low hematocrit (<40) can result in anemia.
    • High hematocrit (>65) can increase risk of blood clots.

    Blood Cell Formation (Hemopoiesis)

    • Continuous process in red bone marrow.
    • Starts with pluripotent stem cells.
    • Two lineages: myeloid and lymphoid stem cells.
    • Each stem cell produces precursor cells that differentiate into formed elements.
    • Only WBCs divide after leaving the marrow.

    Blood Cell Formation Regulation

    • Hematopoietic growth factors regulate blood cell formation.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO): increases erythrocyte precursor production, kidney-derived.
    • Thrombopoietin (TPO): stimulates platelet formation, liver-derived.
    • Cytokines: stimulate leukocyte and lymphocyte proliferation, marrow-derived.

    Erythrocytes (Structure & Function)

    • Biconcave discs: large surface area for gas exchange.
    • Anucleate: no nucleus for maximum hemoglobin (Hb) space.
    • Hb transports oxygen.
    • Lack mitochondria for more Hb space.
    • Adult females: ~4.8 million erythrocytes/μL; adult males: ~5.4 million erythrocytes/μL.

    Erythrocyte Function in Gas Transport

    • Hb reversibly binds up to four oxygen molecules.
    • Erythrocytes transport ~23% of carbon dioxide.
    • Erythrocytes contain carbonic anhydrase, which converts CO2 to carbonic acid to bicarbonate, forming a buffer system.
    • Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a hormone, released by endothelial cells in response to cardiac stretch. NO binds Hb, leading to vasodilation.

    Erythrocyte Life Cycle

    • ~120 days.
    • Erythrocytes die from wear and tear through capillaries; inability to repair.
    • Macrophages destroy worn-out or damaged RBCs in the liver, spleen, or marrow.
    • Globin (organic) and heme (inorganic) separated.
    • Globin recycled into amino acids.
    • Ferric iron (Fe3+) from heme bound to transferrin (Fe transport protein) and shuttled through liver.
    • Fe3+ from heme stored in ferritin.
    • Iron reattached to transferrin,carried to marrow for erythropoiesis.
    • Hemoglobin-less heme products removed by the liver/kidneys/feces.

    Erythropoiesis

    • Tightly controlled process.
    • Hypoxia (low oxygen to tissues) triggers erythropoiesis.
    • Kidneys detect hypoxia, release EPO.
    • EPO stimulates proerythroblasts to mature faster.
    • Results in more erythrocytes for oxygen delivery.

    Leukocytes (Structure & Function)

    • All organelles present, no hemoglobin.
    • Granular or agranular.
    • Granular have vesicles: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
    • Agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes.

    Granular Leukocytes

    • Neutrophils: phagocytic, have multi-lobed nuclei (polymorphonuclear). Defend against bacteria through phagocytosis and killing mechanisms.
    • Eosinophils: defend against parasites, have bilobed nuclei.
    • Basophils: involved in inflammatory and hypersensitivity reactions, have bilobed nuclei. Release histamine, heparin, and serotonin.

    Agranular Leukocytes

    • Lymphocytes: derived from lymphoid stem cells, diverse in size. Increased large lymphocytes indicate disease.
    • Monocytes: derived from myeloid stem cells, differentiate into macrophages (or fuse into osteoclasts), clean up debris.

    Leukocyte Function: Inflammation and Immunity

    • WBCs defend against infection and invasion.
    • Express MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins (self).
    • Mucous membranes trap invaders; cilia sweep them away.
    • WBCs emigrate (leave bloodstream) from infection site.
    • WBCs locate infection via chemotaxis.
    • Neutrophils are rapid responders; phagocytize pathogens. Release lysozyme, oxidizing chemicals, and defensins to kill bacteria.
    • Eosinophils fight parasitic infections, secrete histaminase (breaks down histamine).
    • Monocytes differentiate into wandering macrophages, clean up cellular debris.
    • Inflammation is a response to tissue damage, which involves WBC emigration, chemotaxis, disinfection, and healing.

    Platelets

    • Form from megakaryocytes splitting into fragments.
    • Granules with clotting chemicals.
    • 5-9 day lifespan.

    Hemostasis

    • Prevents excessive bleeding (hemorrhage).
    • Three steps: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting.

    Vascular Spasm

    • Damaged vessels constrict, limiting bleeding.

    Platelet Plug Formation

    • Platelets adhere to vessel injury, activate and release granules. ADP makes platelets sticky, resulting in aggregation (clumping).

    Blood Clot Formation

    • Reinforces platelet plug with insoluble protein fibers.
    • Coagulation involves clotting factors, including calcium (Ca2+), liver-made enzymes (proenzymes), platelet, and tissue substances.

    Blood Clotting Pathways

    • Intrinsic pathway: triggered within blood vessels by contact with collagen.
    • Extrinsic pathway: triggered by tissue factor (TF) from damaged vessel cells.
    • Common pathway follows intrinsic/extrinsic activation (uses factor X, V, prothrombinase, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin & factor XIII).

    Blood Clotting Regulation

    • Prevents inappropriate clotting (thrombosis, embolus).
    • Prevents excessive bleeding (hemorrhage).
    • Uncontrolled clotting can lead to stroke or pulmonary embolism.

    Blood Groups

    • ABO blood groups based on glycolipid antigens in erythrocyte membranes.
    • Agglutinins (antibodies) bind to foreign antigens, causing agglutination (clumping).
    • Individuals make antibodies against foreign antigens (e.g. O type produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies).

    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

    • Rh factor (protein antigen) on erythrocytes. Rh-negative mothers can develop anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to Rh-positive fetus.
    • First child unaffected; subsequent Rh-positive children at risk for HDN.
    • Anti-Rh antibodies cross placenta, agglutinate fetal erythrocytes, causing fetal damage.
    • Treated proactively with anti-Rh gamma globulin (RhoGAM).

    Other Homeostatic Imbalances

    • Anemia: low erythrocyte count, various causes.
    • Sickle-cell disease: genetic mutation, abnormal hemoglobin, sickle-shaped cells, resistance to malaria due to potassium leakage from cells.
    • Hemophilia: insufficient clotting factors.
    • Polycythemia: excess erythrocytes, thick blood, risk of stroke, emboli.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the types of extracellular fluids, focusing on blood and its functions within the cardiovascular system. Learn about blood composition, properties, and the vital roles it plays in transportation, regulation, and protection. Test your understanding of hematology and the significance of blood in the human body.

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