Human Physiology and Metabolism Quiz
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What factor can affect the reliability of bioelectrical impedance measurements?

  • Age of the individual
  • Previous physical activity
  • Body hydration status (correct)
  • Time of day it is measured

    • What is the primary physical characteristic that increases electrical resistance in the body as measured by bioelectrical impedance?

  • Adipose tissue (correct)
  • Fluid balance
  • Bone density
  • Muscle mass

    • What is a notable problem with skinfold thickness measurements?

  • It requires expensive equipment.
  • It may underestimate total body fat in overfat individuals. (correct)
  • It can be performed by anyone without training.
  • It is a highly time-consuming method.

    • What is the error margin associated with bioelectrical impedance measurements?

    <p>3% to 4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bioelectrical impedance analysis compared to skinfold thickness measurements?

    <p>It uses a painless, low-energy electrical current.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rule of thumb calorie estimation for basal metabolism for women?

    <p>0.9 kcal/kg/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>Height</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) primarily refer to?

    <p>Energy used to digest and absorb nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can physical activity affect caloric expenditure?

    <p>It increases energy needs above basal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known to increase eating behavior?

    <p>Ghrelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to involuntary skeletal muscle movements contributing to energy expenditure?

    <p>Non-exercise activity thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To estimate daily energy needs, what components must be summed?

    <p>BMR, physical activity, and TEF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body fat percentage classification for females considered obese?

    <p>43% or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PAL stand for in the context of estimating energy needs?

    <p>Physical Activity Level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of body fat percentage is considered healthy for males?

    <p>13% to 21%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macronutrient serves primarily as an energy source alongside glucose?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy in macronutrients is typically captured in ATP molecules?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following contributes to energy expenditure?

    <p>Basal metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes catabolic reactions?

    <p>Release energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of resting metabolism?

    <p>Maintains vital physiological activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of body fat percentage is considered overweight for males?

    <p>22% to 25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary effect of bariatric surgery on obesity?

    <p>Limits the amount of food that can be eaten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is commonly associated with fad weight loss diets?

    <p>Limits food selections to a few food groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be questioned about weight loss supplements?

    <p>If they are supported by before-and-after photos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential factor contributing to underweight?

    <p>Psychological disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which claim about weight loss supplements should be viewed with skepticism?

    <p>They result in permanent weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective way to gain weight for those who are underweight?

    <p>Add calorie-dense healthy foods to the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized risk factor for eating disorders?

    <p>Being male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is typically associated with the promotion of fad diets?

    <p>Use of testimonials from well-known figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What weight status is indicated by a BMI of 22.0?

    <p>Normal or Healthy Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What equation represents how Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated using weight in pounds and height in inches?

    <p>Weight (lb)/[height (in)]^2 x 703</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences the basal metabolic rate?

    <p>Time of day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of measuring waist circumference?

    <p>To assess obesity-related risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these weight loss elements is crucial for effective weight management?

    <p>Reduced caloric intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of BMI values is classified as overweight?

    <p>25.0 - 29.9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes having an eating disorder from practicing disordered eating?

    <p>Eating disorders are often diagnosed clinically, while disordered eating may not be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the fat-free mass component of body composition?

    <p>Body water and protein-rich tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of measuring body fat is considered the least reliable?

    <p>Body circumference measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fat is more prevalent in men than women?

    <p>Visceral fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main drawbacks of underwater weighing?

    <p>It is inconvenient and expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method uses low-energy x-rays to provide a detailed internal scan of the body?

    <p>Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does air displacement measuring assess body volume?

    <p>By measuring air in a BOD POD chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)?

    <p>It is very expensive and not commonly available</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of measuring body composition is considered very accurate but is often impractical to use?

    <p>Underwater Weighing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does subcutaneous fat play in the body?

    <p>Insulates the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What body fat percentage range is classified as overweight for females?

    <p>32 to 37%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes basal metabolism?

    <p>It represents minimal calories used after fasting and resting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of energy for the body along with glucose?

    <p>Fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification of body fat percentage is considered obese for males?

    <p>26 to 31%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of body fat percentage composition requires more body fat due to reproductive functions?

    <p>Females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of energy expenditure?

    <p>Hormonal regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of catabolic reactions?

    <p>They release energy during breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy in macronutrients is typically captured as ATP?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thermic effect of food (TEF)?

    <p>To digest and absorb nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

    <p>Type of physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for reducing hunger and inhibiting fat storage in the body?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does NEAT stand for in the context of energy expenditure?

    <p>Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly calculates daily energy needs?

    <p>(BMR x PAL) + TEF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects caloric expenditure during physical activity?

    <p>Duration of the activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ghrelin play in the regulation of hunger?

    <p>It increases hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to energy expenditure when a person is at rest?

    <p>Basal Metabolic Rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is most common in fad weight loss diets?

    <p>Offers a 'quick fix' with rapid weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the evaluation of weight loss supplements?

    <p>They often require no changes to dietary habits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals do to effectively gain weight if underweight?

    <p>Add calorie-dense healthy foods like nuts and avocados.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fad diets from sustainable weight loss approaches?

    <p>Fad diets rely primarily on testimonials and quick fixes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to underweight conditions?

    <p>Psychological disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary goal of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating binge eating disorder (BED)?

    <p>To promote healthy coping strategies during stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which professional is essential for assessing and treating eating disorders?

    <p>Registered dietitian nutritionist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eating disorders from disordered eating?

    <p>Eating disorders involve psychological disturbances causing physiological changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which treatment setting is care for eating disorders most often provided?

    <p>Outpatient care settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which BMI value indicates a person is considered normal or healthy weight?

    <p>24.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to influence the development of excess body fat?

    <p>Daily exercise habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be included in a comprehensive treatment plan for someone with an eating disorder?

    <p>Psychotherapy and nutritional counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary method used to assess obesity-related risk?

    <p>Waist Circumference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common misconception about disordered eating practices?

    <p>Disordered eating is a long-term condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors can influence the development of excess body fat?

    <p>All of the Above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do environmental factors play in body fat development?

    <p>They can interact with genetic and hormonal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component used in calculating Body Mass Index (BMI)?

    <p>Weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What BMI classification corresponds to a value of 27.5?

    <p>Overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a key element important for weight loss and maintenance?

    <p>Consuming High-Fat Foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can waist circumference be characterized in relation to health?

    <p>A quick way to determine obesity-related risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what BMI value does a person begin to be classified as obese?

    <p>30.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of subcutaneous fat in the body?

    <p>To help insulate the body and protect muscles and bones from injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body composition measurement method is known for providing a detailed internal structure image?

    <p>Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation associated with underwater weighing?

    <p>Inconvenient and impractical for regular use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measurement method requires a person to sit inside a specific chamber to assess body volume?

    <p>Air Displacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which types of fat do women tend to have more than men?

    <p>Subcutaneous fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main problem associated with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) as a body composition measurement?

    <p>It is expensive and not widely available outside clinical settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes adipose tissue?

    <p>Stores energy in the form of fat droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the air displacement method of body composition measurement?

    <p>It assesses body volume by measuring air exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Balance and Weight Control

    • Energy balance is the relationship between energy intake and expenditure.
    • Weight control involves understanding factors that influence energy intake and expenditure.
    • Body composition is a key factor in weight control.
    • Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value that reflects body weight adjusted for height.
    • Calculated as weight (kg)/height (m²) or weight (lbs)/[height (in)]² x 703
    • Different BMI values correspond to different weight statuses (e.g., Underweight, Normal, Overweight, Obese).
    • Waist circumference is a quick and easy way to determine obesity-related risk.
    • Desirable waist circumferences are < 40 inches (101.6 cm) for men and < 35 inches (88.9 cm) for women.
    • Excess body fat is associated with increased risks for various health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoarthritis, and certain cancers.
    • Excess body fat, especially central-body obesity (excess abdominal fat), is more strongly correlated with obesity-related health problems than the percentage of total body fat.
    • Adipose tissue includes subcutaneous fat (under the skin) and visceral fat (around the organs).
    • Several methods measure body composition, each with pros and cons.
    • Underwater weighing, Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement, bioelectrical impedance, and skinfold thickness.

    Body Composition

    • Body composition consists of fat-free mass and total body fat.
    • Fat-free mass includes body water, mineral-rich tissues, and protein-rich tissues.
    • Total body fat comprises adipose tissue and essential fat in cell membranes, bones, and nervous tissue.
    • Adipose tissue stores energy in fat droplets.
    • Subcutaneous fat helps insulate and protect muscles and bones.
    • Visceral fat is located around the organs and is more prevalent in men.

    How Body Composition is Measured

    • Different methods exist to appraise body composition, each with its own benefits and limitations.
    • Underwater weighing, DXA, air displacement, bioelectrical impedance, skinfold thickness.

    Energy Balance Factors

    • Energy intake involves the consumption of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
    • Energy expenditure encompasses basal metabolism, physical activity (includes NEAT: Non-exercise activity thermogenesis) and thermic effect of food.
      • Basal metabolism is the minimum number of calories expended for vital functions when resting.
    • Physical activity greatly contributes to energy expenditure.
    • The Thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the energy needed for digesting, absorbing, and processing nutrients from food.

    Estimating Energy Requirements

    • Equations like Harris-Benedict and Cunningham estimations are used to project resting metabolic rate (RMR), then estimating daily energy expenditure based on physical activity levels.

    Weight-Loss Plans, National Registry, Medical Treatments

    • There are various resources available to help with weight control.
    • The National Weight Control Registry helps to understand successful weight-loss tactics.
    • Dietary plans that comprise low calories and fat consumption may be part of such endeavors.
    • Weight loss must balance daily energy intake with expenditure.
    • Regular exercise and physical activity are key components of weight loss and maintenance.
    • Medical treatments such as bariatric surgery and medications are used in some cases.
    • Fad diets often offer "quick fixes," with limited lasting effects and not always safe.

    Obesity: Contributing Factors

    • Hormones like ghrelin (stimulates hunger) and leptin (inhibits hunger) influence eating behaviors.
    • Hormonal fluctuations in both men and women significantly impact energy intake.
    • Factors include food composition, genetic makeup, and environmental factors (e.g., food advertising, portion sizes, reduced physical activity).

    Underweight

    • Genetic factors, lifestyle practices, and chronic diseases are potential risk factors for underweight.
    • Adding calorie-dense healthy foods can assist in gaining weight.

    Eating Disorders

    • Risk factors for eating disorders include genetics, psychological factors, occupation, and lifestyle choices, including concerns about weight and gender.
    • Eating disorders require multidisciplinary care involving medical/mental health professionals to address critical nutritional needs in conjunction with psychotherapy.

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    NUT 1004 Energy Balance and Weight Control Lecture 8 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on bioelectrical impedance measurements, basal metabolic rate, and factors influencing caloric expenditure. This quiz covers important concepts related to body composition assessment and daily energy needs, providing insights into human physiology. Perfect for students in health and fitness disciplines.

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