Human Organizations and Systems - UG II
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is one way child care practices are determined in many societies?

  • By traditional social customs (correct)
  • By personal preference
  • By modern technology
  • By genetic predisposition

    • How can societal attitudes towards pregnancy influence health outcomes?

  • They have no effect on health outcomes.
  • They can impact infant mortality and maternal morbidity. (correct)
  • They are only relevant during childhood.
  • They only affect nutrition.

    • Which factor can increase the incidence of congenital malformations among offspring?

  • Access to genetic counseling
  • Consanguineous marriages (correct)
  • Regular prenatal care
  • High maternal age

    • What type of diseases are more likely to spread rapidly within families?

    <p>Communicable diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge regarding overcrowding in some societies?

    <p>Rigidity in sleeping habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can influence a society's attitude toward individuals requiring care?

    <p>Cultural beliefs about illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a socially determined aspect of child care?

    <p>Scheduling feeding times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the environment shared by family members influence health?

    <p>It can contribute to the spread of communicable diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of culture in human societies?

    <p>To provide mechanisms for individual and social survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines material culture?

    <p>Tangible objects made by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are symbols in the context of culture?

    <p>Words or objects that represent something else</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language contribute to culture?

    <p>By enabling the transmission and development of culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes values in the context of non-material culture?

    <p>The abstract guidelines for behavior and decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element of culture refers specifically to rules about how symbols can be combined?

    <p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are non-material culture and material culture distinguished from each other?

    <p>Non-material culture consists of non-physical aspects, while material culture includes physical objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a function of culture?

    <p>Creating conflict and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of society in relation to individual behavior?

    <p>It controls and regulates behavior through laws and customs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a basic feature of society?

    <p>Members operate independently from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does public health relate to society?

    <p>Public health influences society, and society influences public health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a common mother tongue signify in a society?

    <p>It indicates a shared national heritage among members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context can Earth be conceptualized as a society?

    <p>As a common territory inhabited by all people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT contribute to variations among societies?

    <p>Shared cultural practices among members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the autonomy of a society?

    <p>A society has independent social institutions for sustenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of members within a society?

    <p>They share a common origin and destiny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the concept of 'folkways'?

    <p>Social practices that are less morally binding and influenced by public sentiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is 'custom' different from 'habit'?

    <p>Custom is a group trait, while habit is a personality trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects 'cultural variability'?

    <p>Cultural variability occurs both between and within societies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a subculture?

    <p>A group of medical professionals within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ethnocentrism imply?

    <p>The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of cultural variations on health?

    <p>Nutritional habits can influence the prevalence of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fashion as a type of folkway is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Fashion reflects socially approved behavior that evolves over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is cultural relativism demonstrated?

    <p>Understanding and accepting cultural practices of others without judgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are considered positive values?

    <p>Helping those in need and honesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mores?

    <p>Strong social norms important for the well-being of a society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes folkways from mores?

    <p>Mores are enforced by law, while folkways are maintained through informal social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do values dynamically change over time?

    <p>They adapt due to cultural shifts and societal evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a universal value?

    <p>Personal hygiene practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of norms in culture?

    <p>They provide specific guidance for behaviors in various situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when mores are violated?

    <p>There may be serious reactions from the community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about values is true?

    <p>Values can vary drastically from culture to culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the profound influences on the incidence of disease in different cultures?

    <p>Cultural customs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cultural factors is NOT involved in health and disease management?

    <p>Formal education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture impact food habits?

    <p>By establishing widespread customs and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which custom is considered a 'good' practice in mother and child health?

    <p>Prolonged breast-feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can obstruct the implementation of health programmes?

    <p>Cultural practices and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a cultural factor affecting environmental sanitation?

    <p>Open defecation practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding health behaviors?

    <p>Cultural factors can have both positive and negative effects on health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of health is most likely to be influenced by cultural beliefs concerning food?

    <p>Nutritional practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Organizations and System

    • This is a course on human organizations and systems
    • The course is for UG II students at Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
    • The course is part of the MBBS/BDS program
    • The session is 2023/2024

    Lecture Outline

    • Introduction/Definition
    • Description of human organizations: society
    • Components of society:
      • Population
      • Culture
      • Human organization and health

    Learning Objectives

    • Understand human organizations
    • Know the components of human organizations
    • Understand the role of human organization on health and Disease

    Introduction

    • Humans are organized into groups
    • Everyone is a member of a group or groups
    • Aristotle said a man who can live without society is either a beast or God

    Society

    • The term 'society' comes from the Latin word "socius" which means association, togetherness, companionship, or group life
    • A relatively large group of people who share a culture, live in a geographical location, and have a feeling of belonging and identity
    • Definition: an autonomous group of people who inhabit a common territory, share a common culture, and are linked through routinized social interactions and interdependent statuses and roles.
    • People who live in a definable community and share a culture
    • Societies can be global, continental, regional, country, or ethnic group
    • No two societies are the same; they are characterized by shared values, beliefs, and cultures. The character of society is dynamic; it changes over time and place

    Basic Features of Society

    • Society is a system of social relationships between individuals
    • Society controls and regulates individual behavior through laws and customs
    • Society exerts pressure on individuals to conform to its norms
    • Public health is an integral part of the social system and influenced by society and vice-versa
    • Society is usually a relatively large grouping of people, who share a common and distinct culture
    • It has a definitive, limited space or territory
    • Members of society have a feeling of belonging and identity

    Basic Features of Society (continued)

    • Members of society are considered to have a common origin and historical experience
    • Members may share a common mother tongue
    • A society is autonomous and independent, with necessary social institutions to maintain itself
    • People interact socially, economically, and politically
    • These features are not exhaustive; they may not apply to all societies—some variations are due to the level of a society's economic and technological advancement
    • The type of economic or livelihood system the society is engaged in

    Conceptualizing Society at Various Levels

    • All people of the earth may be viewed as one society.
    • All people share a common origin, planet, and bio-psychological unity and similar desires, feelings, and fears; and heading towards a common destiny.
    • Continents can also be considered as societies: European, African, Asian, Latin American societies
    • Each continent has its own territory, history, shared culture.
    • Countries within those regions are also considered a society, like Nigeria, Ethiopia, Kenya or Japan.

    Conceptualizing Society at Various Levels (continued)

    • Distinct groups within a nation may also have ethnic and linguistic distinctions, and consider a territory as their own, such as Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo societies
    • Some societies may extend beyond national boundaries

    The Family

    • The family is a primary unit found in all societies; it is a transfer point of civilization
    • A group of biologically related people who live together and eat from a common kitchen
    • Families are not constant The roles, members, and structures change over time depending on need, available resources, and values.
    • Families are a bridge between generations and between father and sons
    • Cultural patterns—eating habits, cleanliness, speech, behavior, and attitudes—are passed down through families
    • Family members share a common gene pool
    • Families share a shared environment and the social environment

    The Family (continued).

    • The family is an epidemiological unit, involved in social services and medical care
    • Anyone associated with medical practice or community health must understand that the family and their actions are a primary unit for intervention

    Family in Health and Disease

    • Family is the core unit for medical practice and community health activities
    • Families have relevant functions for health and behavior, from a medical-sociological standpoint
    • Child-rearing practices vary by society and over time and are impacted by resources, knowledge, technology, and values

    Family in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Child-care patterns—feeding, nutrition, hygiene, sleep, training—are passed down from one generation to another
    • Child care is dependent on societal norms and traditions
    • How people think about nutrition, exercise, sleep, and clothing varies from one society to another

    Family in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Overcrowding in some societies is not necessarily due to inadequate space; rather, it's due to social customs to foster better relationships between groups.
    • Communal eating or feeding is a common practice.
    • Teaching values, information, and codes of conduct to the younger generation is essential to prepare them for society
    • Attitudes of societies toward pregnancy and childbirth affect infant deaths, premature births, maternal morbidity and mortality.
    • Some societies provide financial aid, maternity leave, diet, and nutritional supplements for women.
    • Attitudes about care for sick and suffering members of society vary.
    • Different illnesses prompt various responses

    Family in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Family members share genes and a common environment, which determine their risk of illness
    • Families can be a source for spreading contagious illness, like tuberculosis, the common cold, scabies, diphtheria

    Family in Health and Disease (continued)

    • The incidence of congenital abnormalities may be higher in families where there is close biological relationship
    • In consanguineous marriages

    Culture

    • Culture is the product of human societies, and individuals are heavily influenced by their cultural environment
    • It is transmitted between generations through formal and informal learning processes
    • Culture plays a vital role in societies, establishing norms of behavior and securing personal and social survival,
    • Culture is defined as learned behaviors that are socially acquired
    • It encompasses total ways of life, including what people wear, marriage customs, family life, art, work patterns, religious ceremonies, and leisure pursuits
    • Includes material goods: bows and arrows, machines, computers, books, buildings, and airplanes
    • Culture is divided into material and non-material cultures
    • Material culture encompasses tangible human-made objects like tools, automobiles, buildings and other physical items
    • Non-material culture comprises non-physical aspects such as language, beliefs, ideas, knowledge, attitudes, values, etc

    Elements of Culture (continued)

    • Symbols are central components of culture and refer to anything that people attach meaning to and use in communication
    • Language encompasses a system of verbal and often written symbols, with rules on their usage to convey complex meanings
    • Language allows the transmission and sharing of culture

    Elements of Culture (continued).

    • Values are general guidelines for human life, decisions, goals, choices, and behaviors. – Values are shared ideas of a group or society as to what is right, wrong, correct, incorrect, desirable, undesirable, acceptable or unacceptable
    • Values are either positive or negative
    • Examples include honesty, truth, respect for others, hospitality, helping those in need. (Positive), and theft, indecency, lack of respect, dishonesty (Negative).
    • Values are dynamic, changing over time; they are also static, persisting with little modification

    Elements of Culture (continued).

    • Some values are universal due to a shared bio-psychological unity across people and time
    • Examples are the avoidance of killing people, cleanliness, hygiene
    • The Hippocratic Oath exemplifies a set of positive values in medical practice

    Norms

    • Norms are detailed and specific rules for particular situations
    • They tell us what to do, what not to do, and how to do it, and why
    • Norms are derived from values
    • Social norms are categorized into mores and folkways

    Mores

    • Mores are strong social norms crucial for society's existence, safety, and well-being
    • Violations of mores cause strong reactions from groups.
    • Mores often include formal laws (codified social norms) and conventions.
    • Conventions are rules that guide social behavior, generally accepted and ideal

    Folkways

    • Folkways are everyday practices, rules, and instructions that help groups function
    • They are not laws but guided by informal social controls
    • Violations don’t have strong penalties unlike violating mores.
    • Folkways include customs like table etiquette, dressing rules, walking, and talking
    • Folkways are often determined by public sentiment or custom

    Culture Variability

    • Different cultures have their own norms and values
    • Examples include the dietary customs of Jews and Hindus
    • Cultural diversity exists between and within societies
    • Cultural differences may result in divergent health and illness conditions

    Acculturation

    • Acculturation refers to the contact of two different cultures. When cultures interact, their values and customs are diffused.
    • Contact may occur through trade, commerce, industrialization, religion, education, and conquest.
    • There are good and bad aspects of culture contact, such as the introduction scientific medicine, changing food habits, and the widespread of tobacco. Media plays a role in shaping cultural behaviors

    Cultural Factors in Health and Disease

    • All people, regardless of their location, have their beliefs and behaviors concerning health and illness.
    • Cultural beliefs and practices play a significant role in health and disease conditions.
    • Not all customs or beliefs are bad

    Cultural Factors in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Cultural factors affect matters like personal hygiene, nutrition, immunization, early medical care, and family planning, along with child rearing, disposal of waste, and outlook on health
    • Local customs and beliefs influence the implementation of public health programs, influencing behavior change

    Cultural Factors in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Food habits, beliefs, and customs related to food, are a major aspect of culture that influence health conditions— such as meat consumption (pork versus beef), alcohol consumption, common eating practices, and gender roles in eating

    Cultural Factors in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Practices surrounding child and mother health are examples of the impact of culture on health.
    • Examples include social customs surrounding breast-feeding, sexual abstinence, exposure to sunlight, prohibitions on specific foods during pregnancy.
    • Customs are not always uniform and vary across cultures

    Cultural Factors in Health and Disease (continued)

    • Cultural practices, like not nursing children, are tied to belief systems, like when colostrum might be harmful.
    • Circumcision and food avoidance are examples related to religion or beliefs.
    • Hookworm disease and the practice of not wearing shoes is an example of disease transmission and cultural practices.

    Community

    • The community is a crucial unit in society
    • Individuals' connection to society is through their family and community.
    • Communities are commonly seen as groups of people inhabiting a particular location and having common interests.
    • A community is a social group that is defined by geographic boundaries or shared values/interests
    • Members interact with each other and function within a structure. This can lead to common norms, values, and social institutions
    • The community impacts daily life by providing homes, educating children, and meeting basic human needs

    Community (continued)

    • A community is a contiguous geographic area; people live together, cooperate to fulfill basic needs, and have common organizations like markets, schools, stores, banks, and hospitals.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Human Organizations and System Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of human organizations and systems for UG II students in the MBBS/BDS program at Usmanu Danfodiyo University. It explores the definition of human organizations, their components, and their impact on health and disease. Enhance your understanding of how society and culture shape health outcomes.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser