Human Nutrition Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of digestion in the digestive system?

  • The absorption of nutrients into the blood
  • The ingestion of food and drink into the body
  • The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones (correct)
  • The removal of undigested food from the body

Which organ is primarily associated with the absorption of nutrients into the blood?

  • Large intestine
  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Pancreas
  • Stomach

Which vitamin deficiency leads to scurvy?

  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin C (correct)
  • Vitamin E

What process involves the removal of undigested food from the body?

<p>Egestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of carbohydrates in a balanced diet?

<p>To provide energy for daily activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of physical digestion?

<p>To break down food into smaller pieces for better chemical digestion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tooth is responsible for sensation and supplying nutrients?

<p>Pulp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of teeth is primarily used for crushing and grinding food?

<p>Premolars (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the enamel from other parts of the tooth?

<p>It is the hardest substance made by the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about wisdom teeth is accurate?

<p>They grow later than other teeth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of teeth in the digestive process?

<p>To aid in the ingestion and physical digestion of food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does saliva facilitate the process of digestion?

<p>It helps in softening and dissolving food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component in gastric juice is responsible for activating pepsinogen?

<p>Hydrochloric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mucus play in the digestive system?

<p>It lubricates food to ease its passage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method by which food is moved through the esophagus?

<p>Peristalsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance in gastric juice is responsible for killing microbes in food?

<p>Hydrochloric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes pepsin?

<p>It acts on proteins to produce polypeptides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the physical digestion in the stomach primarily involve?

<p>Contraction and relaxation of stomach muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of amylase in pancreatic juice?

<p>To break carbohydrates into maltose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of bile?

<p>Trypsin (C), Amylase (D), Lipase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of the ileum facilitate nutrient absorption?

<p>It contains villi that provide a larger surface area (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrients are absorbed into blood capillaries from the villi?

<p>Monosaccharides, amino acids, water, minerals, and some fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme acts specifically on polypeptides in the digestive process?

<p>Peptidase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the absorption of fats, which structure plays a critical role?

<p>Lacteals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the ileum being very long on digestion?

<p>It provides ample time for digestion and absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of assimilation in the digestive process?

<p>Incorporating digested nutrients into the body's cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the breakdown of food into smaller soluble molecules?

<p>Digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of water in a balanced diet?

<p>Aiding in the digestion and absorption of nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency primarily leads to the condition known as rickets?

<p>Calcium and Vitamin D deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of physical digestion?

<p>It increases the surface area of food without altering its chemical composition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the tooth is primarily responsible for anchoring it to the jawbone?

<p>Cement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes incisors from other types of teeth?

<p>They have sharp edges for cutting and biting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of bile in physical digestion?

<p>To emulsify fats into smaller droplets. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about wisdom teeth compared to other teeth?

<p>They grow later than other teeth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of bile in the digestive system?

<p>To emulsify fats (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of proteases being secreted in an inactive form?

<p>They protect the cells that produce them from being digested (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chyme in the context of digestion?

<p>The food mixed with gastric juice that leaves the stomach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key function of the duodenum?

<p>Emulsification of fat and changing pH from acidic to alkaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does salivary amylase function in digestion?

<p>It acts in a slightly alkaline environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrient is primarily digested in the small intestine?

<p>All food types (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of bile helps to neutralize the acidic chyme coming from the stomach?

<p>Hydrogen carbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of teeth in the digestive process?

<p>Chopping and grinding food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does saliva assist with digestion?

<p>Dissolves food and softens it for swallowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice?

<p>To activate pepsinogen and kill microbes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mucus play in the stomach?

<p>Protects the stomach wall from acid and pepsin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism moves food through the esophagus?

<p>Peristalsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to pepsinogen in the stomach?

<p>It is activated into pepsin by hydrochloric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of amylase in saliva?

<p>Digests starch in alkaline conditions to maltose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall purpose of physical digestion?

<p>To increase the efficiency of enzyme action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Balanced Diet

A diet that provides all the necessary nutrients in the correct proportions for good health.

Digestion

The process of breaking down large, insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones for absorption.

Absorption

The process of taking in nutrients (small molecules) from the digestive system into the bloodstream.

Egestion

The removal of undigested food from the body as faeces.

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Alimentary Canal

The tube that food travels through the body, starting from the mouth and ending at the anus.

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Physical Digestion

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical structure, increasing the surface area for chemical digestion.

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Chemical Digestion

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller, soluble molecules using enzymes, breaking chemical bonds (hydrolysis).

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Enamel (tooth)

The hardest substance in the human body, forming the outer layer of a tooth.

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Dentine (tooth)

A hard, but not as hard as enamel, substance forming most of the tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

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Types of teeth

Teeth are specialized for different functions-cutting, tearing, grinding, and crushing food. Specialized teeth include incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

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Pancreatic Juice Components

Pancreatic juice contains bicarbonate, amylase, trypsin, and lipase, which aid in digestion.

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Ileum Function

The ileum is a long part of the small intestine that helps with nutrient absorption, due to its large surface area and thin walls.

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Villi Adaptation

Villi are small finger-like projections that increase the surface area of the small intestine for more efficient absorption of nutrients.

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Microvilli Function

Microvilli are even smaller projections on the villi surface, further increasing the surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.

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Intestinal Lipase

Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, completing their digestion.

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Intestinal Peptidase

Peptidase breaks down polypeptides into amino acids during protein digestion within the intestines.

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Pancreatic lipase

It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol in the duodenum.

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Teeth Function

Teeth help to physically break down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area for easier digestion by enzymes.

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Saliva Function

Saliva moistens and binds food particles, making it easier to swallow, and contains enzymes to initiate carbohydrate digestion.

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Amylase Enzyme

An enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars (maltose) in the presence of saliva.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus and other parts of the digestive tract.

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Stomach Physical Digestion

Mechanical breakdown of food through contractions and relaxations of stomach muscles.

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Hydrochloric Acid in Stomach

Kills bacteria, activates pepsinogen, and creates an acidic environment for protein digestion.

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Pepsin Enzyme

An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide chains in the acidic conditions of the stomach.

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Mucus in Stomach Lining

Protects the stomach lining from the harmful effects of acid and pepsin.

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Digestion

The process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules.

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Absorption

The process of taking in nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream.

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Alimentary Canal

The tube for food passing through the body, from the mouth to the anus.

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Ingestion

The process of taking food and drink into the body through the mouth.

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Egestion

The process of removing undigested food from the body.

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Physical Digestion

Breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical changes. It increases the surface area for chemical digestion.

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Chemical Digestion

Breakdown of large food molecules into smaller, soluble ones by using enzymes.

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Enamel (tooth)

The hardest substance in the body, forming the outer layer of a tooth.

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Dentine (tooth)

A hard substance forming most of the tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.

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Types of teeth

Teeth are specialized for different functions – cutting, tearing, grinding, and crushing food.

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Stomach Mucus

A protective layer secreted by the stomach to prevent its own lining from harm by gastric acid and enzymes.

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Pepsin's Role

Pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme, breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides in the stomach.

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Trypsin Action

Trypsin, a digestive enzyme in the small intestine, breaks down proteins into polypeptides.

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Chyme Nature

Chyme is the acidic mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice leaving the stomach.

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Bile's role

Bile emulsifies fats, breaking down large fat droplets into smaller ones, and neutralises the acidic chyme.

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Bile in Liver

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder, helping with fat breakdown.

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Proteases' inactivity

Proteases are initially secreted in an inactive form to prevent digestion of the cells that produce them.

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Teeth Function

Teeth physically break down food into smaller pieces, increasing the surface area for easier digestion by enzymes.

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Saliva Function

Saliva moistens and binds food particles, making swallowing easier, and contains enzymes that start carbohydrate digestion.

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Amylase Enzyme

An enzyme that breaks down starch into simpler sugars (maltose) in the presence of saliva.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus and other parts of the digestive tract.

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Stomach Physical Digestion

Mechanical breakdown of food due to contractions and relaxations of stomach muscles.

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Hydrochloric Acid in Stomach

Kills bacteria, activates pepsinogen, and creates an acidic environment for protein digestion.

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Pepsin Enzyme

Enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptide chains in the acidic environment of the stomach.

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Mucus in Stomach Lining

Protects the stomach lining from damage by hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

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Study Notes

Human Nutrition

  • Human nutrition involves the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
  • A balanced diet provides all essential nutrients for proper bodily functions.
  • Key dietary sources include carbohydrates, fats/oils, proteins, vitamins (e.g., C, D), minerals (e.g., calcium, iron), fiber, and water.
  • Scurvy and rickets are diseases caused by deficiencies in vitamins C and D, respectively.
  • The digestive system, including the alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) and associated organs (salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder), is crucial for digestion.
  • Ingestion is taking food into the body.
  • Digestion breaks down large insoluble food molecules into smaller, soluble ones that can be absorbed.
  • Absorption involves transferring small molecules into the blood.
  • Assimilation is the use of absorbed nutrients by cells.
  • Egestion is the removal of undigested food.
  • Peristalsis is the movement of food through the esophagus.
  • The stomach mechanically breaks down food and chemically digests proteins using pepsin and hydrochloric acid.
  • Mucus protects the stomach lining from its own digestive juices.
  • Chyme is the partially digested mixture leaving the stomach.
  • The small intestine (duodenum and ileum) is the primary site for chemical digestion and absorption.
  • Intestinal enzymes (e.g., lipase, peptidase, maltase) further breakdown food.
  • Bile emulsifies fats.
  • Pancreatic juice contains enzymes for all major food types.
  • The ileum is adapted for absorption via villi and microvilli.
  • Villi and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption, maximizing the rate of nutrient uptake.
  • Blood capillaries absorb water-soluble nutrients, while lacteals absorb fats.
  • The liver plays crucial roles in processing absorbed nutrients, detoxification, and producing bile.
  • The hepatic portal vein connects the intestines to the liver.
  • The hepatic vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the liver to the heart.
  • Diseases like cholera can affect the digestive system, leading to diarrhea characterized by excessive loss of watery feces.
  • Cholera bacteria cause this by producing toxins that trigger chloride ion secretion, leading to water loss and diarrhea.

Types of Teeth

  • Incisors: Cutting and biting.
  • Canines: Tearing.
  • Premolars: Grinding.
  • Molars: Crushing and grinding.
  • Wisdom teeth: Grow later, used for grinding.

Digestive Enzymes

  • Saliva contains amylase for carbohydrate digestion.
  • Gastric juice contains pepsin for protein digestion and HCL for killing bacteria.
  • Pancreatic juice contains amylases, lipases, proteases for all food types.
  • Intestinal juices contain peptidases (amino acids), sucrases, lactases, and maltase for complete breakdown of all food types into simpler molecules.

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Human Nutrition IGCSE Biology Past Paper PDF 2024

Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of human nutrition, including the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion. It highlights the importance of a balanced diet and the role of various nutrients in maintaining health. Key dietary sources and the functioning of the digestive system are also discussed.

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