Human Nephron and Urine Analysis

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What type of molecules can be easily filtered out and reabsorbed by the kidneys?

Vitamins

Small drugs or hormones (correct)

Electrolytes

Large drug molecules

What is the primary role of the active form of vitamin D, calcitriol, in the body?

Increasing red blood cell production

Maintaining blood pH

Regulating calcium levels in the blood (correct)

Promoting bone growth

What is the primary function of erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys?

Increasing erythrocyte (red blood cell) production (correct)

Controlling blood pH levels

Maintaining electrolyte balance

Regulating blood pressure

Which of the following is NOT a way the kidneys regulate blood pressure?

Calcitriol (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the kidneys in maintaining the body's $pH$ level?

Regulating the body's $pH$ level (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the absence of urine production?

Anuria (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance in the urine indicates that the body is using fat for energy?

Ketones (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first part of the nephron that creates about 200 liters of filtrate daily?

Glomerulus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not affect urine color?

Proteins in diet (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of leukocytes in urine indicate?

Urinary tract infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific gravity of pure water?

$1.0$ (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way that solutes get transported with sodium?

Symport mechanism (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ascending Loop of Henle?

Has no aquaporin channels but moves sodium and potassium well (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the sympathetic nervous system influence kidney function?

Causes vasoconstriction and reduces urine production (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the kidneys?

It is very important for kidney function and regulates blood pressure and fluid balance (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the kidneys?

Increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myogenic mechanism in the kidneys?

Regulates blood pressure and flow to the glomeruli (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tubuloglomerular feedback in the kidneys?

Causes contraction or relaxation based on flow rate and sodium osmolarity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the kidneys?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of natriuretic hormones in the kidneys?

Inhibit aldosterone and allow for sodium and water excretion (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the female urethra?

4 cm (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the medical term for urination?

Micturition (A) Signup and view all the answers

At what volume of fluid in the bladder is the urge to urinate first felt?

150 mL (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the ureters?

30 cm (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nephron?

Glycolysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the macula densa in the kidney?

Regulates renin release to influence blood volume (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the aquaporin channel proteins in the collecting ducts?

To reabsorb water back into the interstitial spaces (A) Signup and view all the answers