Human Movement Studies (HMS)

Human Movement Studies (HMS)

• It is the systematic and scientific study of how and why people move
• It takes into account psychological, physiological, mechanical, and social factors affecting movement

Discipline of HMS

• An organized body of knowledge encompassing descriptions, explanations, and predictions of phenomena

Profession of HMS

• Specialized vocation focused on improving society
• Provides services based on expertise and betters the quality of life for individuals and the community

Examples of HMS

• Examples include biomechanics and sport psychology

Characteristics of HMS

• A systematic study with a theoretical foundation

Professions Based on HMS

• Employs HMS knowledge to solve problems and increase quality of life
• Examples include physical education, sports and exercise science, and physiotherapy

Influencing Factors on Movement

• Biological factors include maturation, aging, and health
• Lifestyle considerations encompass training and habits
• Social elements consists of societal and cultural factors

Parent Disciplines

• Includes biological sciences like Anatomy
• Includes physical sciences like Physics
• Includes social sciences like Sociology
• Includes humanities like History

Sub-Disciplines of HMS

• Exercise physiology focuses on how exercise impacts bodily systems like heart rate
• Sports medicine involves injury prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation
• Sport biomechanics covers the mechanics of movement using physics
• Sport philosophy features ethical and conceptual analysis
• Sport history pertains the evolution and societal impact of sport
• Sport & exercise psychology covers mental and emotional factors
• Motor development is how movement evolves from infancy to old age
• Motor learning explains how people refine movement through practice
• Sport sociology is the relationship sporty has with societal issues like race
• Sport pedagogy speaks of teaching and learning within physical education
• Adapted physical activity refers to inclusive programs for people living with disabilities
• Sport management refers to administration, budgeting, events, marketing and media

Historical Foundations - Introduction

• Study of welfare's historical underpinnings is key to understanding modern human services
• Social welfare's evolution reveals societal responses to poverty, inequality, and injustice
• Understanding this evolution helps future service professionals understand the rationale behind current policies
• Social welfare has evolved from family/community care to charity to formal state welfare systems

Influences

• Influenced by religion, industrialization, political ideologies, wars, and activism

South Africa

• Welfare shifted from racial exclusion to inclusive developmental welfare, through inequalities persist

Historical Trends

• Helps human service professionals advocate, recognize injustice, and develop relevant programs

Pre-Industrial Societies - Ancient Civilizations

• Caregiving being a family and community responsibility.
• No formal care institutions.
• Resources were controlled by men
• Support was limited to kinship or religious groups.

Pre-Industrial Societies - Middle Ages

• The Catholic Church became the main welfare provider
• Relief was a spiritual duty, not a state one

Elizabethan Poor Laws

• Marked the first structured government welfare in England

Key Features of Elizabethan Poor Laws

• Categorized the poor as deserving or undeserving
• Mobile workers were punished by vagrancy laws
• Workhouses were created for the able-bodied

Industrial Revolution - Impact on Society

• Urbanization and housing crises occurred
• Family support weakened and working environment was harsh with long hours

Industrial Revolution - Response

• Factory Acts regulated labor
• Increased philanthropy

Emergence of Social Work - Charity Organization Societies (COS)

• Started in 1869 in England/USA
• Professionalized & organized charity; introduced casework

Settlement House Movement

• Began with Toynbee Hall (1884), it emphasized on developing a community, education, and hygiene

Structural Poverty

• Poverty was structural, not an individual's moral failing

Development of Welfare States

• Post-WWII shift to government-guaranteed well-being

Beveridge Report (1942)

• Targeted 5 Giants Evils of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness
• Advocated for universality and state responsibility

Social Welfare in South Africa - Colonial Period

• Welfare for whites with indigenous people excluded

Social Welfare in South Africa - Apartheid Era

• Welfare became part racial segregation

Social Welfare in South Africa - Post-Apartheid

• ANC then introduced an inclusive approach

Post-Apartheid Goals

• Focus on child protection, disability rights, HIV/AIDS and gender equality

Challenges Faced

• High unemployment, service delivery issues, and rural-urban inequality face the people

Physical Education (PE) and Exercise Science (ES)

• Both are closely related but have distinct roles

Physical Education (PE) Focus

• Focuses on teaching movement through structured lessons

Exercise Science (ES) Focus

• Science focuses on research and understanding movement

Physical Education Definition

• It is the the educational process that uses physical activity to help achieve total personal development

Exercise Science Definition

• It is the scientific study of movement, performance, functional responses

Exercise Science - Subfields

• Includes exercise physiology, the mechanics of movement, aquisition and motor skills like sports psychology

Relationship between PE and ES

• ES serves as the scientific basis for PE
• PE is the environment of application of the knowledge the ES provides

Academic Discipline in PE

• Offers theoretical knowledge and practical experience

Social Institution in PE

• PE Reflects societal values by promoting teamwork and respect

Professional Field in PE

• Careers in PE requires specific skills and ethical conduct

Physical Fitness in PE Scope

• PE has physical fitness, motor skill development, cognitive development

Exercise Science as Multidisciplinary

• Draws from Physiology, Psychology, Nutrition, Neuroscience

Exercise Science Focus

• Focusing to enhance performance, to improve health, and understand human movement scientifically

Exercise Science Scope

• Training effects relate to improvement to the body
• Has influence on Movement as well relating it to injury
• Mental skills, and stress management
• Related to nutrition, diet chronic disease
• Rehabilitation is vital as injury recovery and adapted physical activity

Philosophy in PE

• Every educational activity is guided by a philosophy

Philosophy Meaning

• Philosophy equals love of wisdom

Philosophy Answers

• Helps answers What is the purpose of physical activities, what values should be developed in it

Idealism

• Reality is spiritual over the physical

Realism

• Reality is based on science and facts

Pragmatism

• Reality is ever changing on experience

Existentialism

• Is focused on individual freedom and choice of expression

Philosophies in PE

• Moral development in sports are idealism, and the use of scientific knowledge is realism

Physical Education Broad Goals

• Physical, mental, social, emotional, and moral development

Objectives of Physical Education

• They are more specific and focused than the goals, and there measurable from understanding facts, values, skills, etc

Importance of Goals and Objectives

• Guide lesson planning, evaluations, and a well-rounded program

Anatomy definition:

• Study of the structure of the body

Physiology definition:

• Study of the function of the body

Anatomy Branches

• Gross anatomy: study of structures visible by the naked eye
• Microscopic anatomy: study of structure by a microscope
• Developmental anatomy: the changing processes in the structures through lifespan
• Comparative anatomy: Comparing body structures across species

Human physiology:

• Study of the functions of the human body and systems

Levels of structural organization

• Atoms and molecules; Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System, Organism

Muscle tissue

• Skeletal : Voluntary, striated, attached to bones
• Cardiac : Involuntary, striated, found in heart
• Smooth : Involuntary, non-striated, in organs

Muscle tissue functions:

• Movement, Posture, Stabilizing joints , Producing heat

Skeletal system function

• Support, Protection for organs, Leverage for movement, Mineral storage , Blood cell protection

Bone Classifications

• Long - femur, Short - carpals, irregular - vertebrae, sesamoid - patella, flat - ribs

Skeleton Division

• Axial - skull, vertebral column, ribs
• Appendicular - Limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Central nervous system:

• Brain , spinal cord control involuntary actions

Peripheral nervous system:

• Connects CNS to the limbs and organs

Joint Type and Movements:

• Hinge - Flexion/Extension - Knee ,elbow
• Ball and socket - Multidirectional - hip/shoulder
• Pivot- Rotation - Neck
• Saddle - 2 directions - Thumb
• Gliding - sliding- Carpals

Key Note

• Ligaments: Connect bone to bone, provide stability
• Tendons: Connect muscle to bone