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Glomerulus Structure and Function ch4 3
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Glomerulus Structure and Function ch4 3

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of smooth muscles in the glomerulus?

To regulate blood flow to each glomerulus by closing or opening the afferent and efferent arterioles, thereby adjusting the glomerular filtration rate.

What is the composition of the ultrafiltrate formed in the glomerulus?

Water, ions, and small molecules.

What is the purpose of the proximal convoluted tubule in the nephron?

To add and remove specific substances from the ultrafiltrate.

What is the primary function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

<p>To filter the blood and form an ultrafiltrate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of the nephron's processing of the ultrafiltrate?

<p>Urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the glomerular filtration rate in the kidney?

<p>It determines the rate at which the kidney filters the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of solutes in the context of body fluids?

<p>To lower the potential activity of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when water moves from an area of high potential to an area of lower potential?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate solute concentration of seawater in millimoles per kilogram of water?

<p>1000 mmol.kg–1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cartilaginous fishes retain urea and other nitrogen-containing compounds in their bodies?

<p>To raise the osmolality of their blood slightly above that of seawater, allowing water to flow into their bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the state of body fluids that are in equilibrium with seawater?

<p>Isosmolal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do water flows outward from the blood of marine teleosts and lampreys to the sea?

<p>Because their body fluid concentrations are lower than that of seawater, resulting in a higher water potential in their blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ultrafiltrate passes from the glomerular capsule into the ______ convoluted tubule.

<p>proximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The glomerulus is composed of a leaky ______ capillary tuft encapsulated within a sievelike filter.

<p>arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood pressure forces an ultrafiltrate of the blood through the walls of the ______ into the lumen of the glomerular capsule.

<p>capillary</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ultrafiltrate is composed of ______, ions, and small molecules.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood flow to each glomerulus is regulated by ______ muscles that can close off the afferent and efferent arterioles.

<p>smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fluid that remains after this processing is ______.

<p>urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is likely that the first vertebrates also had ion levels similar to those in ______.

<p>seawater</p> Signup and view all the answers

The presence of solutes lowers the potential activity of ______.

<p>water</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of body fluids, a ______ is a small molecule that is dissolved in water or blood plasma.

<p>solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water moves from areas of high potential to areas of lower potential; therefore, water flows from a ______ solution to a more concentrated solution.

<p>dilute</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most marine invertebrates and hagfishes have body fluids that are in ______ equilibrium with seawater.

<p>osmotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cartilaginous fishes retain ______ and other nitrogen-containing compounds, raising the osmolality of their blood slightly above that of seawater.

<p>urea</p> Signup and view all the answers

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