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Questions and Answers
What are the three subsystems of the Model Human Processor?
Which sensory system is primarily responsible for receiving light?
What is the primary role of short-term memory?
How do stimuli from the environment reach the brain?
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What type of memory is responsible for quick information access but has a rapid decay rate?
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Which sensory receptors are crucial for haptic perception?
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What is the initial stage of visual perception?
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What memory type acts as a buffer for sensory stimuli?
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What does Miller's 7+/-2 rule describe?
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Which type of long-term memory is responsible for our recollection of events and experiences?
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Which type of reasoning involves drawing logically necessary conclusions from given premises?
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How does inductive reasoning operate?
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What is the primary focus of problem space theory in problem solving?
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Which characteristic differentiates long-term memory from short-term memory?
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In the context of problem solving, which theory emphasizes the necessity of insight?
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What is the main purpose of abduction in reasoning?
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Study Notes
Model Human Processor (MHP)
- Introduced in 1983 by Card, Moran, and Newell
- Simplified model of human processing in computer interactions
- Composed of three subsystems:
- Perceptual System
- Motor System
- Cognitive System
- Each subsystem has its own processor and memory
- Includes principles of operation guiding system behavior
Human Input and Output Channels
- Human input comes from computer output, and vice versa.
- Humans primarily receive input through senses:
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch
- Humans output through effectors:
- Fingers
- Voice
- Eyes
- Head
- Body Position
Vision
- Divided into two stages:
- Physical reception of external stimuli
- Stimulus processing and interpretation
- The eye receives light and converts it into electrical signals
- Light reflects from objects in the visual field and is focused on the back of the eye.
Hearing
- Ears receive vibrations in the air and transmit them to auditory nerves
Touch
- Haptic perception is not localized
- Stimuli are received through skin, which contains various sensory receptors like "mechanoreceptors" that respond to pressure.
Movement
- Sensory receptors receive stimuli and transmit them to the brain.
- The brain processes the information and directs the appropriate muscle to respond.
Human Memory
- Three types:
- Sensory Buffers
- Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Long-Term Memory (LTM)
Sensory Memory
- Buffers for sensory stimuli:
- Iconic Memory (Vision)
- Echoic Memory (Sound)
- Haptic Memory (Touch)
- Constantly overwritten by new information
- Attention transfers information to short-term memory, filtering relevant stimuli.
Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Stores information temporarily, accessed rapidly, but decays quickly.
- Limited capacity: Miller's "7 +/- 2" rule suggests humans can store 5-9 chunks of information.
- Chunks can be single items or groups of items:
- Example: Digits of a phone number.
- Patterns are useful memory aids.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Unlimited capacity, slow access, and slower forgetting rate.
- Information transferred from STM through rehearsal.
- Two types:
- Episodic Memory: Stores experiences and events in a chronological order
- Semantic Memory: Stores structured facts, concepts, and skills acquired from episodic memory.
Thinking: Reasoning and Problem Solving
- Thinking requires varying amounts of knowledge.
- Some thinking activities are focused and require specific knowledge while others require extensive knowledge from different domains.
- Two main types of thinking:
- Reasoning
- Problem Solving
Reasoning
- The process of using existing knowledge to draw conclusions or infer new information.
- Types of reasoning:
- Deductive Reasoning
- Inductive Reasoning
- Abductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
- Draws logically necessary conclusions from given premises.
- The logical conclusion doesn't always align with the notion of truth.
- Human deductive reasoning is weak when truth and validity clash.
Inductive Reasoning
- Generalizes from observed cases to infer information about unseen cases.
- Used to fill in missing details during reasoning.
Abductive Reasoning
- Reasons from an observed fact to the action or state that caused it.
- Used to derive explanations for observed events.
Problem Solving
- The process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar task by adapting existing knowledge.
- Different perspectives:
- Gestalt Theory
- Problem Space Theory
Gestalt Theory
- Problem solving is both productive and reproductive, requiring insight.
- Not universally considered a "sufficient" theory.
Problem Space Theory
- The problem space consists of problem states and solutions, involving legal state transitions operators.
- People use these operators to move from the initial state to the goal state.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Model Human Processor (MHP) and human input/output channels. This quiz covers the subsystems of human processing, sensory reception, and the stages of vision and hearing. Assess your understanding of how humans interact with computer systems through perception and action.
