Cardiovascular Physiology Quiz

Study Notes

Cardiovascular Physiology

Heart Function:
- Beats around 100,000 times per day
- Pumps approximately 2,000 gallons of blood daily
- Cardiac output: 5-6 L/min at rest, up to 20-30 L/min during exercise
Blood Pressure Regulation:
- Short-term regulation: baroreceptors, vasomotor center, and autonomic nervous system
- Long-term regulation: renal system and hormonal control
Blood Circulation:
- Pulmonary circulation: deoxygenated blood to lungs, oxygenated blood to heart
- Systemic circulation: oxygenated blood to body, deoxygenated blood to heart

Respiratory Physiology

Gas Exchange:
- External respiration: oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
- Internal respiration: cellular respiration, energy production
Breathing Regulation:
- Voluntary control: diaphragm and intercostal muscles
- Involuntary control: medulla oblongata, pons, and pneumotaxic center
Respiratory System Functions:
- Oxygen delivery to cells
- Carbon dioxide removal
- pH regulation

Muscle Physiology

Muscle Types:
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary, striated, and multinucleated
- Smooth muscles: involuntary, non-striated, and single-nucleated
- Cardiac muscles: involuntary, striated, and single-nucleated
Muscle Contraction:
- Excitation-contraction coupling: neural stimulation, calcium release, and muscle contraction
- Sliding filament theory: actin and myosin interaction

Renal Physiology

Kidney Functions:
- Filtration: glomerular filtration rate (GFR), around 125 mL/min
- Reabsorption: selective reabsorption of essential nutrients and ions
- Secretion: waste removal and hormonal regulation
Urine Formation:
- Nephron: functional unit of the kidney
- Urine concentration: regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

Neurophysiology

Neuron Structure:
- Dendrites: receive signals
- Cell body: integrates signals
- Axon: transmits signals
- Terminal buttons: release neurotransmitters
Neurotransmission:
- Synaptic transmission: chemical signaling between neurons
- Synaptic plasticity: strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections

Digestive Physiology

Digestive System Functions:
- Ingestion: food intake
- Mechanical digestion: chewing and grinding
- Chemical digestion: enzymatic breakdown of nutrients
Gut Motility:
- Peristalsis: rhythmic contractions and relaxations
- Gastric motility: mixing and churning of food
Nutrient Absorption:
- Carbohydrates: broken down into simple sugars
- Proteins: broken down into amino acids
- Fats: broken down into fatty acids and glycerol

Cardiovascular Physiology

Heart beats approximately 100,000 times daily and pumps around 2,000 gallons of blood
Cardiac output is 5-6 L/min at rest and up to 20-30 L/min during exercise
Heart function is regulated by short-term mechanisms (baroreceptors, vasomotor center, and autonomic nervous system) and long-term mechanisms (renal system and hormonal control)

Respiratory Physiology

Gas exchange involves external respiration (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) and internal respiration (cellular respiration and energy production)
Breathing is regulated by voluntary control (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) and involuntary control (medulla oblongata, pons, and pneumotaxic center)
Respiratory system functions include oxygen delivery to cells, carbon dioxide removal, and pH regulation

Muscle Physiology

Skeletal muscles are voluntary, striated, and multinucleated, whereas smooth muscles are involuntary, non-striated, and single-nucleated
Cardiac muscles are involuntary, striated, and single-nucleated
Muscle contraction involves excitation-contraction coupling (neural stimulation, calcium release, and muscle contraction) and the sliding filament theory (actin and myosin interaction)

Renal Physiology

Kidney functions include filtration (glomerular filtration rate around 125 mL/min), reabsorption of essential nutrients and ions, and secretion of waste and hormonal regulation
Urine formation involves the nephron (functional unit of the kidney) and is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone
Urine concentration is regulated by ADH and aldosterone

Neurophysiology

Neuron structure consists of dendrites (receive signals), cell body (integrates signals), axon (transmits signals), and terminal buttons (release neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmission involves synaptic transmission (chemical signaling between neurons) and synaptic plasticity (strengthening or weakening of synaptic connections)

Digestive Physiology

Digestive system functions include ingestion, mechanical digestion (chewing and grinding), and chemical digestion (enzymatic breakdown of nutrients)
Gut motility involves peristalsis (rhythmic contractions and relaxations) and gastric motility (mixing and churning of food)
Nutrient absorption involves the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars, proteins into amino acids, and fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Description

Test your knowledge of cardiovascular physiology, including heart function, blood pressure regulation, and blood circulation. Learn about the heart's daily functions and the systems that regulate blood pressure.