Human Growth
42 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Explain the 'use it or lose it' principle in the context of neuroplasticity.

The 'use it or lose it' principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.

What is the significance of the 'use it to improve it' principle in relation to neuroplasticity?

The 'use it to improve it' principle suggests that training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity.

How do synaptic connections strengthen according to the specificity principle?

According to the specificity principle, the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity, and mere use is not enough for strengthening synaptic connections.

What factors matter in inducing plasticity, and why is early intervention critical?

<p>Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity. Early intervention is critical because age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective important for understanding human development?

<p>Developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development because they involve changing relations between the developing person and multi-level environmental contexts, and can impact short and long-term health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways does growth impact developmental motor control?

<p>Growth involves changes in quantity and body size, with body proportions varying with age and impacting developmental motor control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of growth cones in neural development and circuit formation.

<p>Growth cones play a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets via signaling mechanisms. They are responsible for the navigation of developing axons to their specific targets, ensuring the proper formation of neural circuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do disruptions in neural induction and neurogenesis contribute to congenital conditions?

<p>Disruptions in neural induction and neurogenesis can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida, anencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and hydrocephalus. These disruptions can result in incomplete neural tube closure, abnormal brain development, and cognitive impairments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the neurotrophic influences in the establishment and modification of neural circuits?

<p>Neurotrophic influences play a crucial role in determining the establishment and modification of neural circuits. They regulate the survival and growth of neurons, as well as the formation and refinement of synaptic connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the impact of critical periods on activity-mediated influence in neural development.

<p>Critical periods exist for activity-mediated influence, with neurotransmitter activity and receptor sensitivity playing crucial roles. During these critical periods, neural circuits are particularly susceptible to the effects of experience, which can have lasting impacts on behavior and cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does myelination contribute to behavioral changes in late teens and early twenties?

<p>Myelination increases into the late teens and early twenties, partly explaining behavioral changes and increased cognitive abilities during this period. The development of myelin sheaths around axons improves the efficiency of neural signaling and contributes to cognitive and motor skill improvements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the cerebellum in motor control and coordinated movement.

<p>The cerebellum plays a crucial role in motor control, particularly in fine-tuning and planning movements. It compares intended output with sensory signals to adjust and update movement commands, essential for coordinated and precise movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the factors that influence human growth and development.

<p>Genetics, environment, diet, and physical activity are important factors that influence human growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinct periods of human development and what characterizes each period?

<p>The distinct periods of human development include prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age. Each period is characterized by specific biological events and developmental milestones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences on human development.

<p>Trauma and adverse childhood experiences can impact physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development. They can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress, affecting learning, concentration, and the ability to regulate behavior and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the various theories of human development and what do they emphasize?

<p>Various theories of human development include psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, and ethological theories. Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the phases of attachment according to attachment theory.

<p>The phases of attachment according to attachment theory include pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and the formation of a reciprocal relationship. These phases impact the individual's future close relationships and parenting styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What influences attachment security and how can it affect development?

<p>Factors that affect attachment security include opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and infant characteristics. Trauma and adverse childhood experiences can also impact attachment security, which in turn can affect physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of neuroplasticity and its impact on motor learning and control.

<p>Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons. It impacts motor learning and control by enabling functional reorganization and changes in cortical maps in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of the basal ganglia and dopamine in motor learning and goal-directed behavior.

<p>The basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine, play a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior by working with the motor cortex to plan, select, and execute movement. Dopamine facilitates the communication between the basal ganglia and cerebral hemispheres, contributing to the coordination and execution of motor tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does movement control involve subconscious planning, organization, and feedback from peripheral sensory receptors?

<p>Movement control involves subconscious planning and organization by the motor cortex and cerebellum, with feedback from peripheral sensory receptors. The motor cortex and cerebellum play essential roles in organizing and coordinating movements, while peripheral sensory receptors provide feedback to adjust and refine the movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of task attributes on the organization of movement in the brain.

<p>The brain organizes movement differently based on task attributes like discrete vs continuous tasks, stability vs mobility tasks, manipulation continuum, and attention continuum. These task attributes influence the neural mechanisms and pathways involved in planning and executing movements, shaping the organization of movement in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the concept of functional reorganization at the network or systems level in response to sensory input and motor demands.

<p>Functional reorganization at the network or systems level involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands. This process enables the brain to adapt and reorganize its neural pathways and functions to meet the changing sensory and motor requirements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the demand-driven nature of the nervous system impact neural competition and functional areas in the brain?

<p>The demand-driven nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain. This competition influences the allocation of neural resources and the development of specialized functional areas in response to the demands placed on the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what processes does early development of the nervous system involve? Provide a brief overview of the key steps.

<p>Early development of the nervous system involves the establishment of the embryonic nervous system, formation of major brain regions, generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells, migration of neurons to final positions, formation of axon pathways, and synaptic connections. The two main processes are gastrulation, which involves the generation of cell layers to define the axes of development, and neurulation, which gives rise to the entire nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system? Briefly describe each process.

<p>The two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system are gastrulation and neurulation. Gastrulation involves the generation of layers of cells to define the axes of development, including the formation of the notochord. Neurulation gives rise to the entire nervous system, starting from the ectoderm above the notochord, leading to the formation of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, and most of the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four stages of neural development? Briefly explain each stage.

<p>The four stages of neural development are neurogenesis, cell migration, cell differentiation, and synaptogenesis. Neurogenesis involves the proliferation of neural cells, occurring in the embryo. Cell migration follows to establish distinct cell populations. Cell differentiation refers to the process in which precursor cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia. Finally, synaptogenesis involves the formation of synaptic connections between neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key steps and molecular signals involved in the specification of final position and cell type during neural development?

<p>During neural development, molecular signals play a crucial role in specifying the final position and cell type for precursor cells. These signals, relative to the original position, help to develop a head and tail end, and genetically determine neural induction. Migration then allows cells to reach their specified positions, contributing to the formation of distinct cell populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components and key events in the process of neurulation?

<p>Neurulation involves the ectoderm above the notochord giving rise to the entire nervous system, leading to the formation of the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, and most of the peripheral nervous system. The key events include the development of the neural plate, closure of the fold to form the neural tube, and the concentration of neurons at one end to form the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do precursor cells differentiate during neural development, and what is the role of molecular signals in this process?

<p>During neural development, precursor cells differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia. Molecular signals play a crucial role in specifying the final position and type for these cells, relative to their original position. This differentiation is also genetically determined through neural induction and migration to reach specified positions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of cerebral hemispheres in motor learning and goal-directed behavior.

<p>The cerebral hemispheres play a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, which is mediated by dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the motor cortex and basal ganglia work together in movement control?

<p>The motor cortex and basal ganglia work together to plan, select, and execute movement, with the motor cortex being the major output pathway for voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are involved in the emergence of movement?

<p>Movement emerges from the interaction of task, environment, and individual factors that constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the taxonomy of environment include?

<p>The taxonomy of environment includes regulatory features that directly shape movement and non-regulatory features that indirectly cause changes to movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neuroplasticity and how does it occur?

<p>Neuroplasticity is the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What processes are involved in recovery from brain injury?

<p>Recovery from brain injury involves processes such as denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system mentioned in the text.

<p>The two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system are gastrulation and neurulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the stages of neural development mentioned in the text.

<p>The four stages of neural development are neurogenesis, cell migration, cell differentiation, and synaptogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key points about early development of the nervous system highlighted in the text?

<p>The key points about early development of the nervous system are the establishment of the embryonic nervous system, formation of major brain regions, generation of neurons from undifferentiated cells, migration of neurons to final positions, and subsequent formation of axon pathways and synaptic connections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are precursor cells (stem cells) specified for final position and type during neural development?

<p>Molecular signals specify the final position and type for precursor cells (stem cells) during neural development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two processes involved in the formation of layers of cells and the ultimate axes of development in the nervous system?

<p>The two processes involved in the formation of layers of cells and the ultimate axes of development in the nervous system are gastrulation and neurulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of neurulation in the development of the nervous system?

<p>Neurulation gives rise to the entire nervous system, including the neural tube, brain, spinal cord, and most of the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Neuroplasticity and Motor Control

  • Cerebral hemispheres play a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine.
  • The motor cortex and basal ganglia work together to plan, select, and execute movement, with the motor cortex being the major output pathway for voluntary movement.
  • Movement control involves subconscious planning, organization by the motor cortex and cerebellum, and feedback from peripheral sensory receptors.
  • Movement emerges from the interaction of task, environment, and individual factors that constrain movement, such as action, perception, and cognition.
  • The brain organizes movement differently based on task attributes like discrete vs continuous tasks, stability vs mobility tasks, manipulation continuum, and attention continuum.
  • Taxonomy of environment includes regulatory features that directly shape movement and non-regulatory features that indirectly cause changes to movement.
  • Neuroplasticity is the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons.
  • Neuroplasticity can occur at genetic, cellular, and whole-brain levels, leading to functional reorganization and changes in cortical maps in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition.
  • Recovery from brain injury involves processes such as denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.
  • Functional reorganization at the network or systems level involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands.
  • Cortical maps can change in healthy adults in response to activity, behavior, or skill acquisition, as well as after injury, such as amputation or central nervous system injury.
  • The demand-driven nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Description

Test your knowledge of human growth and development, neuroplasticity, and motor control with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the influence of genetics and environment on development, attachment theory, and the impact of trauma on neurobiological changes. Delve into the role of cerebral hemispheres, motor cortex, and basal ganglia in motor control, as well as the concept of neuroplasticity and recovery from brain injury.

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser