Neuroplasticity

<p>Defines the ultimate axes of development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain, spinal cord, and most of the peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Use it to improve it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Olfactory bulbs and hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developmental system perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroplasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery from brain injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulatory features</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fragile X syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics, environment, diet, and physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can impact physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical size, neurological and physiological functioning, information processing abilities, and self-organizing properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rapid change in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fragile X syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Planning of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stretch reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth cones play a critical role in guiding axons to appropriate targets via signaling mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurotrophic influences determine the establishment and modification of neural circuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a linear increase in white matter and a non-linear decrease in gray matter from adolescence to early adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebellum plays a crucial role in fine-tuning and planning movements, comparing intended output with sensory signals to adjust and update movement commands, essential for coordinated movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptions can lead to congenital conditions such as spina bifida, anencephaly, fetal alcohol syndrome, and hydrocephalus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelination increases into the late teens and early twenties, partly explaining behavioral stereotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'use it or lose it' principle states that failure to use neural networks can lead to degradation of functions and learned non-use, requiring environments to be set up for increased engagement and stimulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'use it to improve it' principle states that training or usage can maintain networks and connections, driving alternate processes and protecting plasticity. It emphasizes that mere use is not enough, and the nature of training dictates the nature of plasticity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synaptic connections strengthen via long term potentiation with cooperativity, associativity, and specificity conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Repetition, intensity, timing, and salience all matter in inducing plasticity. Early intervention is critical because age, transference, and interference all play roles in inducing plasticity and acquiring new skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The developmental system perspectives and the lifespan perspective are important for understanding human development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epigenetics can impact short and long-term health outcomes, and changes in gene expression can be transferred across generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two processes involved in the formation of the nervous system during early development are gastrulation and neurulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stages of neural development include neurogenesis (proliferation of neural cells in the embryo), cell migration to establish distinct cell populations, and subsequent differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate, which develops into the neural tube as the fold closes over. This process contributes to the development of the brain, spinal cord, and most of the peripheral nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular signals play a crucial role in specifying the final position and type of neural cells through migration, and are genetically determined through neural induction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Precursor cells (stem cells) differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia, contributing to the formation of the nervous system during early development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ectoderm above the notochord gives rise to the entire nervous system (neuroectoderm) through the process of neurulation, which is essential for the formation of the neural plate and subsequent development of the neural tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human development is characterized by distinct periods including prenatal, infancy, early childhood, later childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older age. Genetics and environment, including diet and physical activity, play important roles in human growth and development. Motor behavior is determined by physical size, neurological and physiological functioning, information processing abilities, and self-organizing properties. Factors such as heredity, environment, and task influence human development, which progresses through predictable and definite milestones in a stage-like manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma and adverse childhood experiences can lead to neurobiological changes, altered neural systems, and sensitization to stress, affecting learning, concentration, and the ability to regulate behavior and emotions. These experiences can have long-term effects on physical health, cognitive abilities, social interactions, and emotional well-being, influencing the individual's overall development and functioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of forming emotional attachments to caregivers for survival. The different attachment phases, including pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and the formation of a reciprocal relationship, impact the individual's future close relationships and parenting styles. Factors such as the opportunity for attachment, quality of caregiving, and infant characteristics can affect attachment security, while trauma and adverse childhood experiences can also impact attachment and subsequent development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various theories of human development, such as psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, and ethological theories, provide different perspectives on the developmental process. These theories offer insights into the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects of human development, helping to understand the influences and mechanisms behind developmental changes and milestones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescence is a period of rapid change, characterized by significant physical growth, including increases in height and weight, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of breasts in females and the deepening of the voice in males. These physical changes are influenced by biological factors and hormonal shifts, marking the transition from childhood to adulthood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics and environment, including diet and physical activity, are important factors in human growth and development. Specific biological events, such as the onset of menstruation in girls, also play a role in influencing human development. The interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences shapes various aspects of growth and development, highlighting the multifaceted nature of human developmental processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia plays a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior, mediated by dopamine, and it works together with the motor cortex to plan, select, and execute movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery from brain injury involves processes such as denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional reorganization at the network or systems level involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical maps can change in healthy adults in response to activity, behavior, or skill acquisition, as well as after injury, such as amputation or central nervous system injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The demand-driven nature of the nervous system leads to competition that determines the domination of neural borders and functional areas in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics and environment, including diet and physical activity, are important factors in human growth and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prenatal period includes significant stages of development, such as the embryonic and fetal stages, and is sensitive to teratogens that can cause birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attachment phases include pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, and the formation of a reciprocal relationship, impacting the individual's future close relationships and parenting styles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma and adverse childhood experiences can impact physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adolescence is a period of rapid change, particularly in height, weight, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Various theories of human development include psychoanalytic, cognitive, behavioral, and ethological theories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons. It can occur at genetic, cellular, and whole-brain levels, leading to functional reorganization and changes in cortical maps in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine, play a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior. They work together with the motor cortex to plan, select, and execute movement. The motor cortex serves as the major output pathway for voluntary movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery from brain injury involves processes such as denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Functional reorganization at the network or systems level also occurs, involving changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement emerges from the interaction of task, environment, and individual factors that constrain movement. These constraints include action, perception, and cognition. The brain organizes movement differently based on task attributes like discrete vs continuous tasks, stability vs mobility tasks, manipulation continuum, and attention continuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trauma and adverse childhood experiences can lead to significant impacts on physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development. They may result in disruptions in neural induction, neurogenesis, and neuronal diversity, as well as functional reorganization at the network or systems level, affecting cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetics and environment both significantly influence human growth and development. Neuroplasticity can occur at genetic, cellular, and whole-brain levels, leading to functional reorganization and changes in cortical maps in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition. Additionally, the impact of trauma and adverse childhood experiences on physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development demonstrates the interplay of genetics and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to change or modify, involving shorter-term changes in synaptic connections and longer-term structural changes in the organization and numbers of connections among neurons. It can occur at genetic, cellular, and whole-brain levels, leading to functional reorganization and changes in cortical maps in response to activity, behavior, and skill acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cerebral hemispheres play a role in motor learning and goal-directed behavior through the basal ganglia, mediated by dopamine. They contribute to the planning, selection, and execution of movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement organization is influenced by factors such as task attributes (discrete vs continuous tasks, stability vs mobility tasks, manipulation continuum, and attention continuum), task, environment, and individual factors. These factors constrain movement and impact action, perception, and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recovery from brain injury involves processes such as denervation super-sensitivity, synaptic hyper-effectiveness, and regenerative synaptogenesis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Functional reorganization at the network or systems level involves changes in cortical maps and the development of new functions in response to sensory input and motor demands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement control emerges from the interaction of task, environment, and individual factors, involving subconscious planning, organization by the motor cortex and cerebellum, and feedback from peripheral sensory receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cortical maps can change in healthy adults in response to activity, behavior, or skill acquisition, as well as after injury, such as amputation or central nervous system injury. These changes reflect the brain's ability to reorganize and adapt to new circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers