Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of RNA in the cell?
What is the primary role of RNA in the cell?
- To store genetic information
- To replicate DNA
- To synthesize carbohydrates
- To transfer genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome (correct)
What type of linkage connects ribonucleotides in RNA?
What type of linkage connects ribonucleotides in RNA?
- Hydrogen bonds
- 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage (correct)
- Ionic bonds
- 5’-3’ phosphodiester linkage
What structural feature allows RNA to form complex shapes?
What structural feature allows RNA to form complex shapes?
- Being composed of purines only
- A double helix structure
- Folding into three-dimensional shapes and forming hairpin loops (correct)
- The presence of ribose sugar
What is a codon?
What is a codon?
What signals the termination of translation in mRNA?
What signals the termination of translation in mRNA?
What collective term is used to refer to all the genes in human beings?
What collective term is used to refer to all the genes in human beings?
What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project?
What was the main goal of the Human Genome Project?
What can happen to cellular machinery due to viruses?
What can happen to cellular machinery due to viruses?
What is the primary purpose of injecting a virus carrying a gene directly into defective cells?
What is the primary purpose of injecting a virus carrying a gene directly into defective cells?
Which condition is NOT mentioned as being treated with in-body gene therapy?
Which condition is NOT mentioned as being treated with in-body gene therapy?
What agent is commonly used in out-of-the-body gene therapy for SCID?
What agent is commonly used in out-of-the-body gene therapy for SCID?
What is a significant risk associated with using retroviruses in gene therapy?
What is a significant risk associated with using retroviruses in gene therapy?
What percentage of children treated for SCID have reportedly been cured?
What percentage of children treated for SCID have reportedly been cured?
Why is timing important in treating genetic disorders like SCID?
Why is timing important in treating genetic disorders like SCID?
In which case is in-body gene therapy preferred over out-of-the-body gene therapy?
In which case is in-body gene therapy preferred over out-of-the-body gene therapy?
Which of the following is a common disorder treated using in-body gene therapy?
Which of the following is a common disorder treated using in-body gene therapy?
What can result from DNA mutations?
What can result from DNA mutations?
What type of mutation is characterized by changes that are inherited from parents?
What type of mutation is characterized by changes that are inherited from parents?
Which statement is true regarding de novo mutations?
Which statement is true regarding de novo mutations?
What is an example of an environmental agent that can cause DNA mutations?
What is an example of an environmental agent that can cause DNA mutations?
Which of the following describes the mutation type that involves the addition or deletion of nucleotides?
Which of the following describes the mutation type that involves the addition or deletion of nucleotides?
What aspect of mutations can vary widely among different mutations?
What aspect of mutations can vary widely among different mutations?
Which of the following statements correctly describes acquired mutations?
Which of the following statements correctly describes acquired mutations?
Which characteristic is least likely associated with DNA mutations?
Which characteristic is least likely associated with DNA mutations?
What is the approximate number of human genes identified by the Human Genome Project?
What is the approximate number of human genes identified by the Human Genome Project?
What is the primary purpose of gene therapy?
What is the primary purpose of gene therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a method being tested in gene therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a method being tested in gene therapy?
Why is gene therapy considered risky?
Why is gene therapy considered risky?
In what year was gene therapy first tested in humans?
In what year was gene therapy first tested in humans?
Which diseases are currently being targeted by gene therapy?
Which diseases are currently being targeted by gene therapy?
What can be a possible outcome of gene therapy?
What can be a possible outcome of gene therapy?
Where can gene therapy be performed?
Where can gene therapy be performed?
What characteristic of DNA contributes to its ability to preserve information for long periods?
What characteristic of DNA contributes to its ability to preserve information for long periods?
Which aspect of DNA is crucial for evolution?
Which aspect of DNA is crucial for evolution?
What is a potential future concern regarding DNA storage mentioned in the content?
What is a potential future concern regarding DNA storage mentioned in the content?
Which of the following components is NOT a part of a chromosome as listed in the content?
Which of the following components is NOT a part of a chromosome as listed in the content?
In what type of environment does DNA best remain preserved?
In what type of environment does DNA best remain preserved?
Which feature of DNA makes it possible for the next generation to retain parental characteristics?
Which feature of DNA makes it possible for the next generation to retain parental characteristics?
What is the function of proteins coded by DNA?
What is the function of proteins coded by DNA?
Which of the following statements about DNA is inaccurate?
Which of the following statements about DNA is inaccurate?
Study Notes
Human Genome Project (HGP)
- HGP estimated approximately 20,500 human genes.
- Completed sequence provides detailed information on gene structure, organization, and function.
- Information serves as inheritable instructions for human development and function.
Gene Therapy
- Experimental technique to treat or prevent diseases through genes.
- Potential to replace mutated genes with healthy ones, knock out defective genes, or introduce new genes.
- Currently tested for diseases without other cures, including inherited disorders and some cancers.
- First human trials began in 1990; genetic material can be delivered inside or outside the body.
Applications of Gene Therapy
- Intrabody treatment involves injecting genes directly into affected cells (e.g., Parkinson's disease, eye diseases).
- Out-of-body gene therapy used for conditions like severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
- Retroviruses, like HIV, effectively insert genes into host cell DNA; over 90% of treated SCID patients have been cured.
Risks of Gene Therapy
- Retroviruses may disrupt other genes, potentially leading to leukemia.
- Five out of 30 SCID patients treated experienced complications, but most overcame cancer.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
- RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides crucial for protein synthesis.
- Functions to transfer genetic code from the nucleus to ribosomes, protecting DNA from damage.
- Unlike DNA, RNA can fold into complex structures and loops.
Triplet Codons
- Codons consist of three nucleotide bases in mRNA, coding for specific amino acids.
- Termination of translation occurs at stop codons.
DNA Mutations
- Permanent alterations in DNA sequence, varying in severity.
- Types include germ line mutations (heritable) and acquired mutations (not heritable).
- De novo mutations can appear without family history due to chance events after fertilization.
Types of Mutations
- Insertions, duplications, or deletions can change DNA sequences.
- Mutagens like UV light can induce acquired mutations leading to conditions like skin cancer.
DNA as a Storage Medium
- Durable and capable of preserving information for thousands of years.
- Proper storage conditions include darkness, dryness, and low temperatures.
Conclusion on DNA
- Essential for life; enables replication and variation leading to evolution.
- DNA codes for proteins that express genes and traits.
Chromosome Structure
- Key components include pellicle, matrix, chromatids, centromeres, satellite, and telomeres.
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Description
This quiz dives into the Human Genome Project (HGP) and its insights into human genes. It also explores the experimental gene therapy techniques aimed at treating various diseases, including inherited disorders and cancers. Test your knowledge on gene structure, therapy applications, and historic milestones in genetics.
