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Questions and Answers
What examination features are expected with a left-sided pneumothorax?
What examination features are expected with a left-sided pneumothorax?
Which statement accurately reflects the characteristics of bronchial breath sounds when heard over lung tissue?
Which statement accurately reflects the characteristics of bronchial breath sounds when heard over lung tissue?
What does polycythaemia indicate regarding red blood cells?
What does polycythaemia indicate regarding red blood cells?
What can result from incorrect placement of a chest drain?
What can result from incorrect placement of a chest drain?
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What is the primary function of thoracic splanchnic nerves?
What is the primary function of thoracic splanchnic nerves?
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Which condition primarily affects women under 30 and involves the upper limbs?
Which condition primarily affects women under 30 and involves the upper limbs?
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Which type of vascular tumor is primarily associated with HIV?
Which type of vascular tumor is primarily associated with HIV?
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What is the primary initial cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary initial cause of atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following diseases manifests as high fever and conjunctival lesions in children?
Which of the following diseases manifests as high fever and conjunctival lesions in children?
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Which condition involves granulomatous inflammation of large and small arteries and typically affects individuals over 50?
Which condition involves granulomatous inflammation of large and small arteries and typically affects individuals over 50?
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What is a key characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa?
What is a key characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa?
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Which of the following is a benign tumor of the vascular system?
Which of the following is a benign tumor of the vascular system?
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The formation of foam cells during atherosclerosis is primarily due to what process?
The formation of foam cells during atherosclerosis is primarily due to what process?
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Which of the following conditions is indicated by a hyper resonant sound during percussion?
Which of the following conditions is indicated by a hyper resonant sound during percussion?
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What role does valsartan play in the sacubitril/valsartan combination therapy?
What role does valsartan play in the sacubitril/valsartan combination therapy?
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Which molecule is likely to accumulate in total body water?
Which molecule is likely to accumulate in total body water?
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In the context of drug interaction, what is a consequence of hypoalbuminaemia?
In the context of drug interaction, what is a consequence of hypoalbuminaemia?
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How is isoprenaline primarily used in medical emergencies?
How is isoprenaline primarily used in medical emergencies?
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Which anatomical borders define the anterior triangle of the neck?
Which anatomical borders define the anterior triangle of the neck?
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Which condition represents a risk factor for air embolism related to central venous catheter placement?
Which condition represents a risk factor for air embolism related to central venous catheter placement?
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What is a primary characteristic of drugs that can pass the blood-brain barrier?
What is a primary characteristic of drugs that can pass the blood-brain barrier?
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Which statement is true regarding the administration of medications through continuous infusion?
Which statement is true regarding the administration of medications through continuous infusion?
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What is the typical reason for performing a vocal resonance test during a dull percussion note?
What is the typical reason for performing a vocal resonance test during a dull percussion note?
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What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine?
What is the mechanism of action of terbinafine?
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Which condition is treated with amphotericin B?
Which condition is treated with amphotericin B?
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Which of the following statements about fluconazole is true?
Which of the following statements about fluconazole is true?
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Which treatment is appropriate for a patient with chronic HBV?
Which treatment is appropriate for a patient with chronic HBV?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of echinocandins?
What is the primary mechanism of action of echinocandins?
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What class of drugs does griseofulvin belong to, and what is its mechanism of action?
What class of drugs does griseofulvin belong to, and what is its mechanism of action?
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How do neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir function?
How do neuraminidase inhibitors like oseltamivir function?
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Which drug class is contraindicated in a patient with severe hepatic impairment?
Which drug class is contraindicated in a patient with severe hepatic impairment?
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What is the major difference between flucytosine (5-FC) and amphotericin B?
What is the major difference between flucytosine (5-FC) and amphotericin B?
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Which is the best treatment for invasive candidiasis if the patient is clinically stable?
Which is the best treatment for invasive candidiasis if the patient is clinically stable?
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Which of the following drugs has a mechanism that includes blocking the reverse transcriptase?
Which of the following drugs has a mechanism that includes blocking the reverse transcriptase?
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Which drug is specifically indicated for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis?
Which drug is specifically indicated for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis?
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What is the primary action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma?
What is the primary action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of asthma?
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In the management of acute severe asthma, which medication is standard therapy?
In the management of acute severe asthma, which medication is standard therapy?
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What physiological change occurs in the blood due to acute altitude adaptation?
What physiological change occurs in the blood due to acute altitude adaptation?
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What is a major consequence of nitrogen narcosis during diving?
What is a major consequence of nitrogen narcosis during diving?
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Which intervention stimulates lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
Which intervention stimulates lung development in congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
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During which stages of lung development are the primitive alveoli formed?
During which stages of lung development are the primitive alveoli formed?
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What is the main consequence of reduced intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
What is the main consequence of reduced intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
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Which condition is characterized by decreased lung compliance due to fibrous tissue deposition?
Which condition is characterized by decreased lung compliance due to fibrous tissue deposition?
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What feature of emphysema leads to increased airway resistance?
What feature of emphysema leads to increased airway resistance?
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What characterizes the normal function of surfactant in the alveoli?
What characterizes the normal function of surfactant in the alveoli?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for the positive pressure during expiration?
Which factor is primarily responsible for the positive pressure during expiration?
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What metabolic consequence is associated with respiratory alkalosis due to decreased PaCO2?
What metabolic consequence is associated with respiratory alkalosis due to decreased PaCO2?
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What is the most important muscle involved in raising the rib cage during breathing?
What is the most important muscle involved in raising the rib cage during breathing?
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Which type of genetic mutation can cause different severity levels of the same disease?
Which type of genetic mutation can cause different severity levels of the same disease?
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In relation to lung capacity, what does functional residual capacity encompass?
In relation to lung capacity, what does functional residual capacity encompass?
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What is the primary first-line treatment for a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
What is the primary first-line treatment for a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
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What is the most common type of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) found in Down syndrome?
What is the most common type of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) found in Down syndrome?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by a continuous murmur and bounding peripheral pulses?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by a continuous murmur and bounding peripheral pulses?
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What is the common consequence of untreated large ventricular septal defects (VSD)?
What is the common consequence of untreated large ventricular septal defects (VSD)?
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Which of the following types of lung disorders shows a reduced FEV1 but a normal or elevated FEV1%, indicating a restrictive pattern?
Which of the following types of lung disorders shows a reduced FEV1 but a normal or elevated FEV1%, indicating a restrictive pattern?
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Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in maintaining ductal patency in a neonate?
Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in maintaining ductal patency in a neonate?
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Which heart defect is commonly associated with Turner’s syndrome and shows signs of cyanosis and systemic hypertension in adults?
Which heart defect is commonly associated with Turner’s syndrome and shows signs of cyanosis and systemic hypertension in adults?
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What physiological phenomenon increases blood flow 4-7 times normal when blood supply is temporarily blocked?
What physiological phenomenon increases blood flow 4-7 times normal when blood supply is temporarily blocked?
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Which drug class is contraindicated in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis due to the risk of worsening renal function?
Which drug class is contraindicated in patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis due to the risk of worsening renal function?
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Which type of heart failure is characterized by preserved ejection fraction but impaired diastolic filling?
Which type of heart failure is characterized by preserved ejection fraction but impaired diastolic filling?
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What is the major first-line antibiotic treatment used during the intensive phase for tuberculosis?
What is the major first-line antibiotic treatment used during the intensive phase for tuberculosis?
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In a patient with patent ductus arteriosus, which of the following clinical signs is an indication of poor systemic perfusion?
In a patient with patent ductus arteriosus, which of the following clinical signs is an indication of poor systemic perfusion?
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What condition contributes to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus?
What condition contributes to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus?
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Which laboratory value is typically monitored to assess myocardial injury in cases of myocardial infarction?
Which laboratory value is typically monitored to assess myocardial injury in cases of myocardial infarction?
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In which type of study is relative risk commonly used to evaluate treatment outcomes?
In which type of study is relative risk commonly used to evaluate treatment outcomes?
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What is the expected change in blood flow due to increased intra-thoracic pressure during the Valsalva maneuver?
What is the expected change in blood flow due to increased intra-thoracic pressure during the Valsalva maneuver?
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Study Notes
Human Fungal Pathogens
- Superficial mycoses include Malassezia furfur
- Cutaneous mycoses include tinea capitis, cruris, and pedis
- Subcutaneous mycoses include sporotrichosis and mycotic mycetoma
- Systemic mycoses include Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasmosis, and Aspergillus
Fluconazole
- Fungistatic
- Dose-dependent fungicidal action
- Excreted largely unchanged in urine, useful in candiduria
- Reduced dose if eGFR is less than 50 mL/minute/1.73m2
Polyenes
- Nystatin is used for local infections (oral, perioral, oropharyngeal)
- Amphotericin B treats systemic infections, but it is highly protein bound and poorly penetrates tissues
- Liposomal formulations of Amphotericin B are less toxic and have better tissue penetration.
5-FC + Amphotericin B
- Amphotericin B increases cell permeability
- 5-FC forms false nucleotides, disrupting nucleic acid and protein synthesis
- 5-FC causes hepatotoxicity and blood disorders
Echinocandins
- Fungicidal against Candida but fungistatic against Aspergillus
Griseofulvin
- Treats dermatophytosis
- Disrupts mitotic spindle, inhibiting mitosis
- Induces hepatic CYP450
- Causes dyspepsia or fatigue
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Description
Explore the world of human fungal pathogens, including superficial and systemic mycoses, as well as various antifungal treatments like Fluconazole and Amphotericin B. This quiz covers key fungal species, drug mechanisms, and therapeutic applications essential for understanding medical mycology.
