Female Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason why only a limited number of oocytes are released during a woman's reproductive lifetime?

  • The process of atresia only occurs during menstruation
  • The ovaries are only capable of producing a certain number of oocytes
  • Ovulation occurs too frequently, resulting in a limited number of oocytes
  • The majority of oocytes degenerate through atresia (correct)

    • What is the approximate number of oocytes released during a woman's reproductive lifetime?

  • 450 (correct)
  • 2000-2500
  • 1000-1500
  • 100-150

    • What is the primary component of the ovarian follicle?

  • The oocyte surrounded by a thick layer of muscle cells
  • The oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of epithelial cells (correct)
  • The oocyte surrounded by connective tissue
  • The oocyte surrounded by a single layer of nerve cells

    • During what stage of meiosis is the oocyte in the primordial follicle?

    <p>First meiotic prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate diameter of the oocyte in the primordial follicle?

    <p>20-25 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the primordial follicles in the ovary?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that surrounds the oocyte in the primordial follicle?

    <p>A single layer of flattened follicular cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mesovarium?

    <p>Connecting the ovary to the broad ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the thickness and structure of the endometrium?

    <p>Ovarian hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the secretory peg cells in the epithelium?

    <p>To produce a nutritive fluid covering the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle are the peg cells most developed and active?

    <p>Immediately after ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the myometrium?

    <p>The thickest layer of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the myometrium during pregnancy?

    <p>Extensive growth involving hyperplasia, cell hypertrophy, and increased collagen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the smooth muscle fibers in the inner and outer layers of the myometrium?

    <p>Parallel to the long axis of the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the venous plexuses and lymphatics in the connective tissue of the myometrium?

    <p>To provide blood supply and drainage to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased collagen production by the smooth muscle cells in the myometrium during pregnancy?

    <p>Strengthening of the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the cyclic changes in ovarian hormone levels during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Cyclic modifications of the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate duration of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the uterine mucosa grow rapidly?

    <p>Proliferative phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the menstrual discharge?

    <p>Degenerating endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

    <p>8-10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle begin?

    <p>At ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average thickness of the uterine mucosa during the menstrual phase?

    <p>0.5 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a woman fertile only during the years when she is having menstrual cycles?

    <p>Because oocytes are produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the ovaries?

    <p>Almond-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the tunica albuginea?

    <p>Protection of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the ovary that contains loose connective tissue and blood vessels?

    <p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epithelium that covers the ovary?

    <p>Simple cuboidal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the highly cellular connective tissue and many ovarian follicles in the ovary?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the primordial germ cells migrate from during embryonic development?

    <p>Yolk sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the synchronized mitotic divisions of germ cells in the ovaries?

    <p>Production of a few million interconnected oogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the suspensory ligaments of the ovary?

    <p>Mesenteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine myometrium during parturition?

    <p>To expel the infant from the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the uterine smooth muscle cells after pregnancy?

    <p>They shrink and many undergo apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen fibers are found in the lamina propria of the endometrium?

    <p>Non-bundled type III collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial cells line the uterine glands?

    <p>Both ciliated and secretory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the basal layer of the endometrium?

    <p>To remain relatively unchanged during the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the basal and functional layers of the endometrium?

    <p>The level of cellularity and ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the uterine glands in the endometrium?

    <p>To secret substances that support embryonic development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the uterus after pregnancy?

    <p>It returns almost to its prepregnancy size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary region of the uterine tube where fertilization normally occurs?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of development does the placenta itself produce progesterone and estrogens at levels adequate to maintain the uterine mucosa?

    <p>4-5 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical length of the uterine tube?

    <p>10-12 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the finger-like extensions that fringe the funnel-shaped opening of the uterine tube near the ovary?

    <p>Fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that degenerates and is replaced by a large corpus albicans after 4-5 months of development?

    <p>Corpus luteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the tunica albuginea in the ovary?

    <p>Protecting the ovary from mechanical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the epithelial lining in the uterine tube?

    <p>Simple columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the uterine myometrium undergo significant hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

    <p>Secretory phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lower cylindrical structure of the uterus that opens into the vagina?

    <p>Cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ligaments and mesenteries associated with the ovaries and uterine tubes?

    <p>Supporting the uterine wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of follicles present in the ovaries at birth?

    <p>680,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of meiosis do the primary oocytes arrest?

    <p>Prophase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the structure that surrounds the oocyte and includes follicular cells?

    <p>Primordial follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of follicles remaining at puberty?

    <p>460,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

    <p>To facilitate fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur as a result of chronic salpingitis?

    <p>Blockage of oocyte or embryo transport to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of tubal pregnancies?

    <p>Rupture of the uterine tube causing hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

    <p>To transport the oocyte or embryo to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural characteristic of the uterus that allows it to accommodate a growing embryo?

    <p>Thick, muscular walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of tubal ligation?

    <p>Infertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To produce eggs for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the uterine tube where fertilization normally occurs?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of fertilization does the acrosome reaction occur?

    <p>When the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine myometrium during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>To contract and relax during menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the corpus luteum?

    <p>Luteal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine endometrium?

    <p>To prepare for implantation of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovarian follicles?

    <p>To produce eggs for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

    <p>To provide a environment for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix?

    <p>To allow the passage of sperm and menstrual fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vagina?

    <p>To allow the passage of sperm and menstrual fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the ovarian cycle do the cilia elongate and both cell types undergo hypertrophy?

    <p>Follicular growth phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the mucosal hypertrophy and increased local blood flow during ovulation?

    <p>To facilitate the transport of the ovulated secondary oocyte into the tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site where fertilization normally occurs in the female reproductive system?

    <p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glycoproteins secreted by the secretory peg cells in the epithelium?

    <p>To provide a nutritive and protective mucus film for the oocyte and sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the sweeping muscular contractions of the fimbriae and ciliary activity during ovulation?

    <p>The oocyte enters the infundibulum and moves to the ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine tubes?

    <p>To catch the ovulated secondary oocyte and provide a microenvironment for fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of the uterine wall that is in direct contact with the uterine cavity?

    <p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event does the uterine tube facilitate the transport of the embryo undergoing cleavage to the uterus?

    <p>Cleavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that suspends the ovary in its position?

    <p>Suspensory ligament of the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the uterus where the uterine tube meets the uterus?

    <p>Isthmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of progesterone in the early stages of embryonic development?

    <p>Inhibiting strong contractions of the myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cervix during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Regulating the flow of menstrual discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uterine secretion in the early stages of embryonic development?

    <p>Facilitating the implantation of the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the drop in progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Increased synthesis of prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the endometrium is not affected by the decrease in progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle?

    <p>Basal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic implantation, what is the primary role of the trophoblast?

    <p>To drive the events of implantation and penetrate the endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of the implantation process?

    <p>About 3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of development does the embryo enter the uterus as a blastocyst?

    <p>About 5 days after ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction between the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelium during implantation?

    <p>The penetration of the trophoblast into the underlying stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the functional layer of the endometrium during implantation?

    <p>To provide a site for embryonic implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryological origin of the mammary glands?

    <p>Invaginations of surface ectoderm along the ventral lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary glands?

    <p>To transport milk to the nipple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the epithelium lining the vagina?

    <p>Stratified squamous nonkeratinized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that supports the ovary in its position?

    <p>Mesovarium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the histologic structure of the mammary glands dependent on?

    <p>Age, sex, and physiologic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of proteases during embryonic implantation?

    <p>To digest stroma components, allowing the embryo to embed itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the embryo develops into the amnion and yolk sac?

    <p>Bilaminar embryonic disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of nutrients for the embryo during the ninth day after ovulation?

    <p>Blood in the lacunae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cytotrophoblast cells during implantation?

    <p>To synthesize anti-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the histologic changes in the endometrial stroma following implantation?

    <p>Enhanced local immune tolerance for the embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of mucosal damage or adhesions caused by chronic salpingitis?

    <p>Blocked transport of the oocyte or embryo to the uterus, leading to infertility or ectopic pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the uterine tube that makes it unable to contain the growing embryo?

    <p>Its small diameter and inability to expand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome of tubal pregnancy if left untreated?

    <p>Potentially fatal hemorrhage due to rupture of the uterine tube</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lamina propria in tubal pregnancy?

    <p>To react like the uterine endometrium and form decidual cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of tubal ligation as a surgical type of contraception?

    <p>To block the transport of the oocyte or embryo to the uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the entire endometrium after implantation?

    <p>Decidua</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area between the implanted embryo and the myometrium?

    <p>Decidua basalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the uterus that thins as the embryo gets larger?

    <p>Decidua capsularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the area on the side of the uterus away from the embryo?

    <p>Decidua parietalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the membranous extraembryonic structure that appears during the second week of development?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that connects the embryo to the placenta?

    <p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the decidua basalis?

    <p>To separate the embryo from the myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that separates the embryo from the uterine cavity?

    <p>Decidua capsularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maternal blood vessels that supply the placenta?

    <p>Maternal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that carries oxygenated blood to the embryo?

    <p>Umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the initial attachment of the embryo to the ventral or dorsal walls of the uterus?

    <p>The placenta will be interposed between the fetus and the vagina.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cervix that differs from the rest of the uterus?

    <p>It is the lower, cylindrical part of the uterus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the lactiferous ducts in the mammary glands?

    <p>To facilitate the passage of milk from the mammary gland to the nipple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that carries oxygenated blood to the embryo during pregnancy?

    <p>Maternal blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of the interaction between the trophoblast and the endometrial epithelium during implantation?

    <p>The formation of the placenta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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