Human Evolution and Anatomy Quiz

<p>Geological Principle of Superposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide stability during walking (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5730 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Canines that are small and less dimorphic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eocene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Speciation occurring in isolated populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Omomyids were primarily nocturnal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Geographically found in Ethiopia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>North Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A premolar that helps hone canine teeth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipedal locomotion with a significant pelvic adaptation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Miocene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are characterized by prehensile tails (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They walked with a fully upright posture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased size of postcanine teeth relative to other teeth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foramen magnum position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide attachment for strong jaw muscles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blade. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is the exclusive form of locomotion on the ground. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of bone, tooth, and stone materials for tool making. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cutmarks found on bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental changes (A), Increased competition (B), Loss of habitat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>3 curves; lumbar lordosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Has a single curve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates a vertical spine position (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stabilize the pelvis during walking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are broader and more vertical (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knee exhibits a valgus angle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to structural adaptations in their pelvis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occipital bun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specialized carnivorous diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are unique features that differentiate Neandertals from ancestors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mousterian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stockier body shape in colder climates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Discovery of plant remains in Neandertal sites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing pre-shaped cores for consistent flakes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contemporary hunter-gatherers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical forehead (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid; found in mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternally inherited only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower than most species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classifications that reflect social and cultural constructs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Race is defined solely by physical traits (A), Races have distinct genetic boundaries (B), Certain races are more evolved than others (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual changes in a trait across geographical areas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Females choosing mates based on desirable traits.

Males competing with each other for access to females.

Using radioactive decay to determine the age of fossils.

The time it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay.

Determining the age of a fossil by comparing it to other fossils.

Time periods in the Cenozoic Era, each with distinct ages.

A type of primate

A type of primate

During the Miocene epoch, hominoids (apes) were found in both Africa and Asia, indicating a wider geographic distribution compared to today.

Hominoid diversity decreased significantly in the Late Miocene, with many species going extinct.

Miocene hominoids exhibited a wide range of locomotor adaptations, including arboreal (tree-dwelling), terrestrial (ground-dwelling), and even suspensory (hanging) behaviors.

Miocene hominoids had diverse diets ranging from frugivory (fruit-eating) to folivory (leaf-eating) to more omnivorous diets.

Miocene hominoids showed considerable variation in body size, with some species being small and others quite large.

The foramen magnum, the hole in the skull where the spinal cord connects to the brain, is positioned more centrally (underneath) in bipeds, allowing the skull to balance atop the vertebral column.

Bipedal humans have three spinal curves: cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis. These curves help maintain balance and distribute weight.

In bipeds, the iliac blades (part of the pelvis) are shorter and more flared outwards, creating a wider basin that supports the weight of the upper body and allows for efficient gluteal muscle function.

A knee that angles inward, causing the lower legs to be closer than the thighs. This angle helps with balance when standing on one foot.

In bipeds, the big toe is aligned with other toes, forming a 'toe-off' mechanism for walking and running. In quadrupeds, the big toe is divergent, providing grip and stability for climbing.

A curved structure in the foot that helps absorb shock, provide support, and facilitate efficient walking and running.

A group of teeth - the upper canine, lower premolar (sectorial) and lower canine - that work together for shearing and slicing food. This is a characteristic of many primates but not humans.

A premolar tooth that has a sharp, blade-like edge, used for shearing and slicing food, especially meat.

Early hominins likely exhibited ape-like features due to allopatric speciation, which involves isolation and genetic divergence. This means early hominins evolved in isolated environments, developing traits different from their common ancestors.

A mode of speciation where new species arise when populations are separated by geographic barriers, preventing gene flow and leading to independent evolution.

A geological formation in Africa, marked by tectonic plate movements that create valleys and volcanoes. It's significant for hominin evolution as it provides fossil evidence and may have influenced hominin migration patterns.

The condition of having significantly larger molars and premolars than incisors and canines.

Ridge-like structures on the top of the skull, particularly in the sagittal and nuchal regions, often serving as attachment points for powerful jaw muscles.

An extinct hominin species known for its massive jaws and teeth, particularly large molars, and a sagittal crest.

An extreme form of postcanine megadontia, with remarkably large molars and premolars compared to the front teeth.

When premolars develop a more molar-like structure, with multiple cusps and a larger size.

A prominent ridge of bone running along the top of the skull, serving as an attachment point for powerful chewing muscles.

The cheekbones are spread out laterally, creating a wide, flat face. This is a characteristic of Paranthropus.

The earliest known stone tool industry, characterized by simple tools, with a core for shaping and flakes as the primary working tool.

A human species with specific skeletal features including a chin, vertical forehead, and rounded cranial vault, appearing in the fossil record around 300,000 years ago.

The oldest known fossils of anatomically modern Homo sapiens were discovered in Africa around 300,000 years ago.

Mitochondrial DNA, inherited solely from the mother, used to trace maternal lineages.

The most recent common ancestor of all present-day humans, based on mtDNA, lived in Africa around 200,000 years ago.

Compared to other species, humans exhibit low genetic diversity, suggesting a recent common ancestry and rapid population growth.

The idea of distinct human races based on physical characteristics is not supported by scientific evidence.

Gradual change in a trait across a geographic region.

Human populations are not genetically isolated, as evidenced by gene flow and interbreeding.

A distinctive, bifacially worked stone tool, typically pear-shaped, found in the Acheulean archaeological period (1.7 million years ago to 200,000 years ago), primarily associated with Homo erectus and Homo habilis.

A hand axe is a core tool. The tool itself is the core piece of rock that's shaped, not a smaller flake broken off the core.

A cave site in Spain containing a large collection of Neandertal fossils dating back to approximately 430,000 years ago.

A unique anatomical feature found only in Neandertals, distinguishing them from other hominin species.

A prominent bulge at the back of the skull, present in Neandertals, that distinguishes them from modern humans.

Neandertals had a stocky, robust build with shorter limbs than modern humans, likely an adaptation to cold climates.

A biological rule stating that animals in colder climates tend to have shorter limbs.

An archaeological industry characterized by a distinctive set of tools and techniques developed by Neandertals. It is characterized by the Levallois flaking technique.