Questions and Answers
Which gland is considered the neural control center for all endocrine systems in vertebrates?
Pituitary gland
Which organ is not mentioned as a major endocrine gland in humans?
Liver
Which hormone is primarily secreted by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
Which system does the hypothalamus link to the nervous system?
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Which term is used for glands that signal each other in sequence?
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Which organ has secondary endocrine functions?
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Which gland is part of the neuroendocrine system?
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Which gland is not considered a major endocrine gland in humans?
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Which organ also has a role within the endocrine system by secreting certain hormones?
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Which term is used for the study of the endocrine system and its disorders?
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Which gland stores and secretes hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin?
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Which cells in the pancreas secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar?
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Which endocrine organ is part of the HPA axis involved in cell signaling in the nervous system?
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Which type of cells in the parathyroid gland secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body?
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Which major endocrine systems involve hormones like TRH, TSH, GnRH, LH/FSH, CRH, ACTH, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, leptin, and ghrelin?
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Which fetal endocrine system is one of the first systems to develop during prenatal development?
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Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete glucagon?
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Which gland produces and secretes T3 and T4 in response to elevated levels of TRH and TSH?
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Which type of cells in the pancreas secrete somatostatin?
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Which major glands of the endocrine system are considered neuroendocrine organs?
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At what point during fetal development is the fetal thyroid capable of storing iodine for the production of TRH, TSH, and free thyroid hormone?
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Which embryonic cells serve as the precursor of the thyroxine (T4) producing follicular cells in the thyroid gland?
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At what point in the development of the parathyroid glands do they begin to enlarge from 0.1 mm in diameter to approximately 1 – 2 mm at birth?
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Which genes have been shown to play a crucial role in the formation of the parathyroid gland?
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Which hormone is the major thyroid hormone being produced during fetal development?
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At approximately how many days of gestation do the median and lateral anlage fuse together to form the fetal thyroid?
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Which structure develops from the caudal extensions of the fourth pharyngobranchial pouches in the thyroid gland?
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At what point during fetal development are triiodothyronine (T3) and its inactive derivative, reverse T3, detected?
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Which part of the embryonic cells serves as the precursor of the parafollicular calcitonin-secreting cells in the thyroid gland?
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At what point does the fetal thyroid become able to implement feedback mechanisms for the production of thyroid hormones?
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Study Notes
Human Endocrine System Overview
- Hormones can be amino acid complexes, steroids, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, or prostaglandins.
- Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into interstitial spaces, absorbed into the blood, with no ducts and are vascular.
- Major endocrine systems include feedback loops mediated via the hypothalamus and pituitary, involving hormones like TRH, TSH, GnRH, LH/FSH, CRH, ACTH, renin, angiotensin, aldosterone, leptin, and ghrelin.
- Major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, and adrenal glands.
- The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are neuroendocrine organs, part of the HPA axis which plays a role in cell signaling in the nervous system.
- The endocrine system comprises cells like those in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, pineal gland, posterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas.
- The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.
- The thyroid gland's follicular cells produce and secrete T3 and T4 in response to elevated levels of TRH and TSH.
- The parathyroid gland's epithelial cells secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body.
- The pancreas contains nearly 1 to 2 million islets of Langerhans, including alpha, beta, delta, and F cells that secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar.
- The fetal endocrine system is one of the first systems to develop during prenatal development.
- The fetal adrenal cortex can be identified within four weeks of gestation and originates from the thickening of the intermediate mesoderm, with the adrenal medulla derived from ectodermal cells.
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