Endocrine System Overview Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes the speed of response for the endocrine system compared to the nervous system?

  • The nervous system is slower, as it uses electrical impulses.
  • The endocrine system is faster, as it uses chemical messengers.
  • The endocrine system is slower, as it uses chemical messengers. (correct)
  • The nervous system is faster, as it uses electrical impulses.

Which of the following is NOT a type of stimulus that controls hormone release?

  • Neural
  • Hormonal
  • Humoral
  • Metabolic (correct)

What is the primary difference between a protein hormone and a steroid hormone in terms of their mechanism of action?

  • Protein hormones are water-soluble, while steroid hormones are lipid-soluble.
  • Steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, while protein hormones bind to intracellular receptors.
  • Steroid hormones are water-soluble, while protein hormones are lipid-soluble.
  • Protein hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, while steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. (correct)

How does negative feedback regulate hormone secretion?

<p>A decrease in the target hormone level inhibits further release of the hormone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hormone regulated by humoral stimuli?

<p>Insulin, which is released in response to high blood glucose levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>To store and release hormones produced by the hypothalamus, like antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT directly released by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the body's response to stress?

<p>The hypothalamus releases ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct target of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) when blood levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are high?

<p>TSH secretion decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the regulation of prolactin (PRL) secretion is CORRECT?

<p>PRL secretion is primarily regulated by the release of dopamine from the hypothalamus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the adrenal cortex?

<p>Secretion of hormones that regulate blood glucose levels, electrolyte balance, and stress response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of peptide/amino acid hormones?

<p>They can cross the plasma membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of transport proteins in the blood stream?

<p>They bind to steroid hormones to increase their solubility in blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between how peptide/amino acid hormones and steroid-based hormones interact with target cells?

<p>Peptide hormones bind to surface receptors, while steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of up-regulation?

<p>An increase in the number of receptors for a specific hormone, resulting in greater sensitivity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of specificity and affinity in hormone-receptor interactions?

<p>Estrogen binding to estrogen receptors with varying affinities, such as estradiol having the highest affinity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormone stimulates another endocrine organ to release its hormone?

<p>Tropic hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-peripheral endocrine gland pathway?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

<p>To transport hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

<p>Stimulates the production and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothalamic hormone stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary?

<p>Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of negative feedback in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-peripheral endocrine gland pathways?

<p>It inhibits the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is produced by the hypothalamus but stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the release of hormones from the posterior pituitary?

<p>The hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary to release hormones based on neural signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endocrine System

A communication system that produces and transports hormones.

Hormones

Chemical signals produced by endocrine glands that regulate body functions.

Peptide Hormones

Water-soluble hormones that act on surface receptors of target cells.

Steroid Hormones

Lipid-soluble hormones that enter cells and bind to nuclear receptors.

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Specificity and Affinity

The ability of hormones to bind to specific receptors based on shape.

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Adrenal Cortex

The outer region of the adrenal glands, producing hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone.

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Hypothalamus

A brain region that controls body temperature, thirst, hunger, stress response, and more by influencing the pituitary gland.

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Anterior Pituitary

Part of the pituitary gland that releases tropic hormones under hypothalamic control to regulate other glands.

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Posterior Pituitary

Stores and releases neurohormones (like oxytocin) from hypothalamic neurons directly into the bloodstream.

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ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.

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Hormone Secretion Pathways

The methods by which hormones are released, including hypophyseal portal circulation and neural activation.

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Trophic Hormones

Hormones that stimulate other glands to secrete their hormones, mainly produced by the anterior pituitary.

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Hormonal Stimuli

Hormone release caused by another hormone's influence.

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Negative Feedback Loop

A process where the end product inhibits its own production.

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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axes

Regulatory pathways connecting the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands.

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Hypothalamic Neurohormones

Regulatory hormones like TRH, GnRH, and CRH that control anterior pituitary function.

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TSH

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone; stimulates thyroid hormone production.

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Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Hormones stored by the hypothalamus, including oxytocin and ADH.

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Nervous vs Endocrine Systems

The nervous system uses electrical signals for quick responses, while the endocrine system uses hormones for slower, longer-lasting effects.

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Protein vs Steroid Hormones

Protein hormones are water-soluble and act on receptors outside cells; steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and can enter cells to act on internal receptors.

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Types of Stimuli for Hormone Release

Hormones can be released in response to humoral (blood composition), neural (nerve signals), or hormonal (another hormone) stimuli.

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Negative Feedback in Hormones

A control mechanism where the end product of a process inhibits its own production, like parathyroid hormone regulating calcium levels.

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Study Notes

Endocrine System Overview

  • The endocrine and nervous systems control bodily functions
  • The endocrine system uses hormones transported via the bloodstream
  • The nervous systems uses electrical signals along nerve pathways

Hormone Types

  • Hormones are produced by endocrine glands and tissues.
  • Protein hormones are water-soluble.
  • Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble.
  • Hormones bind to specific receptors on target cells.

Hormone Transport

  • Protein hormones travel freely in the blood.
  • Steroid hormones are often bound to transport proteins (e.g., albumin) to travel through the blood stream
  • Receptors for protein hormones are generally on the target cell membrane.
  • Receptors for steroid hormones are usually intracellular.

Signal Transduction

  • Hormone binding triggers a series of events inside target cells
  • This may involve a cascade of reactions or activating transcription factors within the cell.
  • This influences the cell's metabolism.

Hormone Release Stimuli

  • Humoral stimuli: Responds directly to changing concentrations of substances in the blood (e.g., parathyroid hormone and calcium levels)
  • Neural stimuli: Signals from the nervous system trigger hormone release (e.g., adrenal medulla hormones during stress)
  • Hormonal stimuli: Other hormones trigger the release of other hormones (e.g., hypothalamic-pituitary axis hormones)

Simple Endocrine Pathway

  • Endocrine pathways include negative feedbacks which are used to maintain homeostasis of the body.
  • Example: Parathyroid hormone (calcium regulation) and insulin (glucose regulation)

Hormone Regulation

  • Hormones are tightly regulated by negative feedback loops.
  • Humoral, neural, and hormonal factors control hormone release.

Nervous vs Endocrine system

  • Nervous system monitors specific cells, uses electrical signals, quick and short term responses
  • Endocrine system is widespread, uses chemical signals (hormones), slow and long-term responses.

Degradation and Excretion of Hormones

  • Hormones are broken down in target cells or in the liver and kidneys
  • The rate of degradation affects how long a hormone is active

Hormone Specificity and Affinity

  • Hormones bind to specific receptor shapes using a lock and key mechanism.
  • The binding affinity of a receptor for a hormone varies, which influences the intensity of the signal
  • Receptors can be specific, but not entirely exclusive because they can bind to multiple similar hormones.

Hormonal Regulation and Feedback Loops

  • Hormones work in negative feedback loops to maintain hormone levels within a narrow range.
  • Multiple endocrine glands involved in release or regulation of hormones.

Endocrine System Disorders

  • Imbalances in hormone levels lead to various disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism, diabetes)

Endocrine Gland Locations

  • The hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, gonads (ovaries, testes), adipose tissue, digestive system (stomach, intestines), and bone.

Endocrine Gland Anatomy and Functions

  • Detailed descriptions in terms of anatomy and function of the various endocrine glands in the body.

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