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What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
Which of the following best describes how hormones reach their target cells?
Which of the following best describes how hormones reach their target cells?
Which type of hormone is primarily derived from cholesterol?
Which type of hormone is primarily derived from cholesterol?
What prevents lipophilic hormones from dissolving easily in blood?
What prevents lipophilic hormones from dissolving easily in blood?
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Which of the following hormones is classified as a glycoprotein?
Which of the following hormones is classified as a glycoprotein?
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What aspect of the endocrine system primarily regulates metabolism?
What aspect of the endocrine system primarily regulates metabolism?
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Which of these gland types primarily secretes hormones into the bloodstream?
Which of these gland types primarily secretes hormones into the bloodstream?
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What might occur as a result of under-secretion of thyroid hormones?
What might occur as a result of under-secretion of thyroid hormones?
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What stimulates the secretion of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
What stimulates the secretion of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth?
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What effect does the hormone melatonin have on the body?
What effect does the hormone melatonin have on the body?
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What is one of the roles of growth hormone (GH) in the body?
What is one of the roles of growth hormone (GH) in the body?
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Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles?
Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of ovarian follicles?
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What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
What is the primary function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
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What is the secretion of prolactin primarily inhibited by?
What is the secretion of prolactin primarily inhibited by?
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What triggers the production of melatonin?
What triggers the production of melatonin?
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What effect does an increase in renal activation of Vitamin D have on blood calcium levels?
What effect does an increase in renal activation of Vitamin D have on blood calcium levels?
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Which hormone is responsible for the decrease of blood calcium levels?
Which hormone is responsible for the decrease of blood calcium levels?
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How is the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) primarily regulated?
How is the secretion of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) primarily regulated?
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What are the effects of Vitamin D on the body?
What are the effects of Vitamin D on the body?
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What mechanism does calcitonin use to lower plasma calcium levels?
What mechanism does calcitonin use to lower plasma calcium levels?
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What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
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How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?
How does glucagon affect blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
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Which of the following glands is part of the central endocrine system?
Which of the following glands is part of the central endocrine system?
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Which hormone is released in response to a rise in blood glucose levels?
Which hormone is released in response to a rise in blood glucose levels?
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What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
What is the primary role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary communicate?
How do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary communicate?
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Which hormone released by the hypothalamus inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
Which hormone released by the hypothalamus inhibits the secretion of growth hormone?
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Which of the following actions is NOT promoted by insulin?
Which of the following actions is NOT promoted by insulin?
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What role does the anterior pituitary play in the endocrine system?
What role does the anterior pituitary play in the endocrine system?
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What effect do incretins have on appetite when used as treatment for obesity?
What effect do incretins have on appetite when used as treatment for obesity?
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Which hormone provides complementary actions to insulin by opposing its effects?
Which hormone provides complementary actions to insulin by opposing its effects?
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What is the function of hypothalamic releasing hormones?
What is the function of hypothalamic releasing hormones?
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Which of the following statements about the communication between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is correct?
Which of the following statements about the communication between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary is correct?
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Which of the following describes a mechanism by which PTH increases plasma calcium levels?
Which of the following describes a mechanism by which PTH increases plasma calcium levels?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of thyroid hormones?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of thyroid hormones?
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What regulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in relation to blood calcium levels?
What regulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin in relation to blood calcium levels?
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Which of the following is a primary function of the male gonads?
Which of the following is a primary function of the male gonads?
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What is the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues?
What is the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in target tissues?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting maturation of female reproductive organs?
Which hormone is primarily responsible for promoting maturation of female reproductive organs?
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What is one of the effects of testosterone on the body?
What is one of the effects of testosterone on the body?
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How does oestrogen affect bone health?
How does oestrogen affect bone health?
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What is a secondary sexual characteristic that testosterone promotes?
What is a secondary sexual characteristic that testosterone promotes?
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What happens to testosterone levels during puberty?
What happens to testosterone levels during puberty?
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Study Notes
Endocrine System Overview
- The endocrine system comprises specialized ductless glands and neurosecretory cells, releasing hormones into the bloodstream to act on distant target cells.
- Hormones regulate metabolism, growth, development, and reproduction.
- The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine Functions
- Regulates and integrates body functions including cellular metabolism, fluid balance, and growth.
- Adapts the body to various challenges and stressful situations.
- Regulates the circulatory and digestive systems.
Endocrine Hormone Classification
- Amines (Amino Acid Derivatives): E.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, melatonin, T3, T4 (thyroid hormones).
- Polypeptides/Proteins: E.g., TRH, ADH, GH, FSH, Insulin.
- Steroids: E.g., cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, derived from cholesterol.
Hormone Synthesis and Transport
- Hydrophilic hormones (peptides/proteins & amines): Synthesized in ribosomes and packaged into vesicles. Released directly into the bloodstream.
- Hydrophobic hormones (steroid & thyroid): Synthesized in the smooth ER. Released directly into the bloodstream without carriers.
Hormone Control
- Timing/Pattern: Pulsatile or cyclical (diurnal/circadian rhythm).
- Negative Feedback Control: End-product inhibition regulates hormone release.
- Hormonal Signaling: Target cell receptors specific to each hormone, leading to characteristic cellular responses.
Endocrine Disorders
- Hyposecretion: Endocrine gland secretes too little hormone.
- Hypersecretion: Endocrine gland secretes too much hormone.
- Abnormal Target Cell Responsiveness: Defects in receptors or response mechanisms.
Anatomical Divisions
- Central Endocrine Glands: Located in the brain (hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal glands).
- Peripheral Endocrine Glands: Located outside the brain (thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads).
Major Peripheral Endocrine Glands
- Hypothalamus: Regulates pituitary function via releasing and inhibiting hormones.
- Pituitary Gland: Anterior pituitary secretes tropic hormones (TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, PRL). Posterior pituitary stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH).
- Pineal Gland: Secretes melatonin, regulating circadian rhythms.
- Thyroid Gland: Secretes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), regulating metabolism.
- Parathyroid Glands: Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulating calcium homeostasis.
- Adrenal Glands: Cortex secretes steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, androgens like DHEA). Medulla secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
- Endocrine Pancreas: Secretes insulin and glucagon, regulating blood glucose levels.
- Gonads (Testes/Ovaries): Testes secrete testosterone, while ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone; both involved in reproduction.
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
- TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone
- ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- GH: Growth hormone
- LH: Luteinizing hormone
- FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone
- PRL: Prolactin
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Vasopressin (ADH): Antidiuretic hormone; regulates water balance.
- Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.
Pineal Gland Hormone
- Melatonin: Regulates circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
- Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): Regulates electrolyte balance.
- Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Regulates metabolism and stress response.
- Sex Hormones (DHEA): Supplement gonadal sex steroid hormones.
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
- Catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine): Involved in the "fight-or-flight" response.
Endocrine Pancreas Hormones
- Insulin: Promotes glucose uptake and storage.
- Glucagon: Antagonist to insulin, promoting glucose release.
Hormones Involved in Calcium Homeostasis
- PTH: Regulates calcium levels; increases release of calcium from bones.
- Vitamin D: Activates to increase calcium absorption from intestines.
- Calcitonin: Lowers serum calcium.
Gonadal Hormones
- Testosterone (Testes): Supports male reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.
- Estrogens & Progesterone (Ovaries): Support female reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.
Hormonal Interactions
- Multiple hormones often act in concert to regulate physiological processes via a myriad of interactions, pathways and feedback loops.
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Test your knowledge of the endocrine system with this quiz. Explore key concepts such as hormone functions, gland roles, and metabolic regulation. Perfect for students studying human biology or health sciences.
