Human Digestive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mucous surface cells in the gastric mucosa?

  • To create mucus that protects the stomach lining (correct)
  • To produce enzymes for digestion
  • To secrete hydrochloric acid
  • To absorb nutrients from food

Which structure is primarily responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

  • Parietal cells (correct)
  • G cells
  • Mucous cells
  • Chief cells

What is the role of the gastric intrinsic factor?

  • To stimulate gastric acid secretion
  • To initiate protein digestion
  • To facilitate vitamin B12 uptake (correct)
  • To promote absorption of water

Which of the following layers in the stomach wall is responsible for muscle contractions?

<p>Muscularis externa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which segment of the small intestine is primarily involved in digestion and absorption?

<p>Jejunum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of swallowing called?

<p>Buccal Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure seals off the nasal cavity during the pharyngeal phase?

<p>Soft palate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not describe a function of the stomach?

<p>Chemical digestion of carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system connects the pharynx to the stomach?

<p>Esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the esophagus?

<p>25 cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle contraction moves food through the esophagus?

<p>Peristalsis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure enters the peritoneal cavity by passing through the esophageal hiatus?

<p>Esophagus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle forms the lower esophageal sphincter?

<p>Smooth muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the digestive system involves the breakdown of food into smaller components?

<p>Digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the saliva secreted by the salivary glands?

<p>To provide lubrication and begin carbohydrate digestion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for the secretion of bile, which is important for lipid digestion?

<p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the digestive system does most enzymatic digestion and absorption occur?

<p>Small Intestine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes does NOT occur in the large intestine?

<p>Carbohydrate breakdown (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the digestive tract is primarily involved in mechanical processing?

<p>Stomach (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'compaction' in the digestive system refer to?

<p>The formation of feces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory organ stores and concentrates bile?

<p>Gallbladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the rugae in the stomach?

<p>To facilitate expansion of the stomach (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the stomach is associated with the lesser curvature?

<p>Pylorus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is primarily associated with the greater curvature of the stomach?

<p>Right gastroepiploic artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the stomach to the duodenum?

<p>Pylorus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the structure of the stomach, which surface is referred to as the greater curvature?

<p>Lateral surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are primarily found in the gastric mucosa?

<p>Mucous epithelial cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures provides support to the stomach?

<p>Lesser omentum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the gastric pits in the stomach?

<p>Entrances for gastric glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the greater omentum play in the anatomy of the stomach?

<p>Acts as a barrier to infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is NOT a part of the stomach anatomy?

<p>Cecum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ileum in the small intestine?

<p>Controlling flow of materials into the cecum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the small intestine contains capillaries that absorb nutrients?

<p>Villi (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enteroendocrine cells play in the small intestine?

<p>Produce intestinal hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the jejunum is correct?

<p>It primarily absorbs fats and carbohydrates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the small intestine is responsible for muscle contractions that move contents through the digestive tract?

<p>Muscularis externa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lacteals in the small intestine?

<p>Absorbing fats and other large lipoprotein complexes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component does NOT contribute to the absorption process in the small intestine?

<p>Goblet cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the submucosal glands found in the duodenum?

<p>To neutralize gastric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is primarily involved in increasing the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

<p>Plicae circulares (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a region of the small intestine?

<p>Rectum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the circular muscle layer in the digestive tract?

<p>To create peristaltic waves for propulsion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During segmentation in the small intestine, what is the role of the circular muscle layers?

<p>To churn and mix the contents without producing net movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the greater omentum primarily function to do?

<p>Provide an apron-like covering for internal organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the digestive tract primarily contains the myenteric plexus?

<p>Muscularis externa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of contraction occurring during peristalsis?

<p>Contraction of circular muscles before longitudinal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structure helps prevent the entanglement of digestive organs?

<p>Mesenteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the submucosal plexus serve within the digestive system?

<p>regulates secretion of digestive enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure acts as a connection between the liver and stomach?

<p>Lesser omentum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the muscularis mucosae?

<p>Facilitate secretion of digestive juices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is typically found within the submucosa?

<p>Lymphatic vessels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle layer is primarily responsible for the longitudinal movement in the digestive tract?

<p>Longitudinal muscle layer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the falciform ligament primarily support?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure stabilizes the position of the intestines and blood vessels as part of the peritoneal cavity?

<p>Mesenteries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the salivary glands?

<p>Moistening food and initiating digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digestive System Functions

Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion, and compaction.

Mechanical Processing (Digestion)

Chewing and other mechanical methods that break down food into smaller pieces.

Major Digestive System Subdivisions

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Accessory Digestive Organs

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

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Small Intestine Function

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, nutrients, vitamins, and ions.

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Large Intestine Function

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, nutrients, vitamins, and ions, and compaction of waste.

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Histology of the Digestive Tract

The study of the microscopic anatomy of the digestive organs.

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Mesenteries

Double folds of peritoneum that suspend portions of the digestive tract and provide blood supply.

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Layers of the Digestive Tract

The digestive tract has four main layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa (not explicitly named in the provided text). Each layer has specific functions in digestion and movement.

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Mucosa Layer

The innermost layer of the digestive tract; includes villi and mucosal glands to increase surface area for absorption and secretion.

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Submucosa Layer

Layer beneath the mucosa, containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.

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Muscularis Externa Layer

Layer containing smooth muscle for peristalsis (movement) and segmentation (mixing) of food.

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Peristalsis

Wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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Segmentation

Contractions by circular muscles that mix digestive contents instead of propelling them.

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Omentum

Folds of peritoneum that cover and protect abdominal organs.

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Oral Cavity

The mouth, including teeth, tongue, and associated structures.

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Hard Palate

The bony anterior roof of the mouth.

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Soft Palate

The posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

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Tongue

Muscular organ used to mix food, taste, and initiate swallowing.

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Salivary Glands

Glands that produce saliva, which helps moisten food and begin carbohydrate digestion.

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Pharyngeal Arches

Paired structures in the pharynx (throat) containing tonsils; involved in swallowing.

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Buccal Phase

The stage where food is chewed and mixed with saliva in the mouth.

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Pharyngeal Phase

The stage where food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus, passing through the throat.

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Esophageal Phase

The stage where food travels through the esophagus to the stomach.

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What is the esophagus?

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach, transporting food via peristalsis.

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What are the upper and lower esophageal sphincters?

Muscles that act as valves, regulating the movement of food into and out of the esophagus.

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What is the stomach's primary function?

Bulk storage, mechanical breakdown, and chemical digestion of food.

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Where does the esophagus enter the peritoneal cavity?

Through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm.

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Gastric Pits

Openings on the surface of the stomach that lead to gastric glands, which produce gastric juice for digestion.

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Mucous Surface Cells

Cells lining the stomach's surface that produce mucus to protect the stomach from its own acidic environment.

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Parietal Cells

Cells in gastric glands that produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor, essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

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Chief Cells

Cells in gastric glands that produce pepsinogen, an inactive precursor to pepsin, a protein-digesting enzyme.

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G Cells

Cells in gastric glands that produce gastrin, a hormone that stimulates the production of HCl and pepsinogen.

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Stomach's Greater Curvature

The outer, larger curve of the stomach, allowing for expansion during digestion.

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Stomach's Rugae

Folds in the stomach lining that allow for expansion and increased surface area for digestion.

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What helps the stomach expand?

The rugae, folds in the stomach lining, allow the stomach to expand to accommodate food.

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Stomach's Lesser Curvature

The inner, smaller curve of the stomach, located along the medial surface.

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Where is the stomach's greater curvature located?

The stomach's greater curvature is located on the lateral surface, which is the outer side of the stomach.

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What are mesenteries?

Double folds of peritoneum that suspend portions of the digestive tract, providing support and carrying blood vessels.

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What is the lesser omentum?

A fold of peritoneum connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver.

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What is the greater omentum?

A large fold of peritoneum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach, covering and protecting abdominal organs.

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What is the function of the gastric mucosa?

The gastric mucosa is the lining of the stomach, containing glands that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus to protect the stomach.

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What are gastric pits?

Openings in the gastric mucosa that lead to gastric glands, which produce digestive enzymes.

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Ileum

The last section of the small intestine, about 12 feet long. It controls the flow of materials into the cecum through a sphincter.

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Duodenum

The first and shortest section of the small intestine, about 10 inches long. It receives chyme from the stomach and secretions from the pancreas and liver.

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Jejunum

The middle section of the small intestine, about 8 feet long. It's the primary site for nutrient absorption.

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Intestinal Crypts

Glands at the base of the villi in the small intestine. They produce new epithelial cells and contain enteroendocrine cells.

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Villi

Finger-like projections in the lining of the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

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Lacteal

A lymphatic vessel inside each villus. It absorbs larger materials that can't fit into capillaries, like lipid-protein complexes.

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Layers of the Small Intestine

The small intestine has four main layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. Each layer has specific functions in digestion and movement.

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