Human Digestive System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of bile in the duodenum?

  • Break down proteins into amino acids.
  • Absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
  • Neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach.
  • Convert fats into fat droplets. (correct)

In which part of the small intestine is maltase primarily active?

  • Stomach
  • Jejunum (correct)
  • Ileum
  • Duodenum

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down polypeptides into dipeptides within the stomach?

  • Amylase
  • Pepsin (correct)
  • Lipase
  • Trypsin

What is the role of sodium bicarbonate in the duodenum?

<p>Neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following enzymes specifically targets lactose?

<p>Lactase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of salivary amylase in the digestive process?

<p>To initiate carbohydrate digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the digestive system is primarily responsible for the absorption of nutrients?

<p>Small Intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which digestive process are food particles physically broken down into smaller chunks?

<p>Physical Breakdown (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does bile play in the digestive process?

<p>Emulsifies fats to increase surface area for enzyme action (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Large Intestine in the digestive system?

<p>Absorption of water and some vitamins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme produced in the pancreas breaks down carbohydrates?

<p>Amylase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure releases bile into the duodenum?

<p>Gall Bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the stomach in the digestive process?

<p>Mechanical and chemical digestion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Peristalsis

The process of moving food through the digestive tract by wavelike muscle contractions.

Ingestion

Taking food into the mouth.

Physical Breakdown

Physically breaking down food into smaller pieces, including chewing by teeth and the churning action of the stomach.

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Chemical Breakdown

Chemically breaking down food into smaller molecules using enzymes.

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Absorption

The process of absorbing nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream.

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Egestion

The process of eliminating undigested food waste from the body.

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Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine, where most of the chemical digestion happens.

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What is the jejunum?

The jejunum is part of the small intestine where most remaining carbohydrates and proteins are broken down.

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What is the ileum?

The ileum is the final part of the small intestine where remaining nutrients are absorbed, characterized by fewer and smaller villi compared to the jejunum.

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What does salivary amylase do?

Salivary amylase, produced in the salivary glands, breaks down complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) into simpler sugars (disaccharides) in the mouth.

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What does pepsin do?

Pepsin, a digestive enzyme produced in the stomach, breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides and dipeptides.

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What does pancreatic amylase do?

Pancreatic amylase, produced in the pancreas, breaks down complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) into simpler sugars (disaccharides) in the duodenum.

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Study Notes

Human Digestive System

  • The digestive system comprises organs that process food, extract nutrients, and eliminate waste.
  • Structures involved include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs like liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

Sphincters

  • Pyloric sphincter: Controls food passage from the stomach to the small intestine.
  • Cardiac sphincter: Separates the esophagus from the stomach, preventing backflow.
  • Anal sphincter: Regulates the release of waste from the rectum.

Peristalsis

  • Peristalsis is wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
  • Circular and longitudinal muscles in the digestive tract walls contract and relax to propel food.

Digestion Stages

  • Ingestion: Taking food into the body through the mouth.
  • Physical Breakdown: Mechanical processes like chewing and stomach churning break down food into smaller pieces.
  • Chemical Breakdown: Enzymes break down complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) into simpler absorbable units.
  • Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
  • Egestion: Undigested materials are eliminated from the body.

Accessory Organs

  • Liver: Produces bile, crucial for fat digestion.
  • Pancreas: Secretes enzymes and bicarbonate to aid digestion.
  • Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the small intestine.

Small Intestine Sections

  • Duodenum: Site where most chemical digestion occurs, receiving secretions from the pancreas and liver.
  • Jejunum: Primary site for nutrient absorption, with abundant villi for increased surface area.
  • Ileum: Absorbs remaining nutrients and moves digested material to the large intestine.

Digestive Enzymes

  • Various enzymes facilitate chemical breakdown in different parts of the digestive system.
  • Examples include amylase, pepsin, lipase, and trypsin.

Absorption in Small Intestine

  • Villi and microvilli in the small intestine significantly increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.
  • Nutrients diffuse across the cell membrane and into capillaries for transport throughout the body.

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