Development Types - Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the system that involves the passage of time and historical changes affecting the previous systems?

Chronosystem (correct)

Exosystem

Macrosystem

Mesosystem

Which theory emphasizes cognitive development as a result of social interactions within a culture?

Cognitive theory

Sociocultural theory (correct)

Psychoanalytic theory

Behaviorism

What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods of development?

Sensitive periods have definitive time frames, while critical periods are more flexible.

Critical periods result in irreversible consequences, while sensitive periods do not. (correct)

Sensitive periods can be modified later in life, while critical periods cannot.

Critical periods are the same as sensitive periods; they are interchangeable terms.

How does continuous development differ from discontinuous development?

Continuous development involves quantitative changes, while discontinuous development implies qualitative changes. Signup and view all the answers

What debate revolves around the influence of genetic inheritance versus environmental factors on behavior?

Nature vs nurture Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the concept of assimilation in cognitive development?

Understanding new experiences using existing cognitive frameworks. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the combination of nature and nurture?

Both genetic predispositions and environmental factors play a role in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of accommodation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

To alter existing thinking patterns to incorporate new experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes schemas in the context of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Organized mental structures that represent behaviors and actions. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development do assimilation and accommodation together contribute to?

The growth of a child's understanding of the world. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality is the id primarily characterized by?

Raw and unorganized instincts Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Freud’s psychosexual development occurs from birth to 12-18 months?

Oral Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson’s psychosocial stages, what conflict is experienced by children between 12 to 18 months old?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the role of unconscious forces in behavior throughout life?

Psychodynamic perspective Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive development?

Intellectual capabilities Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of Freud's psychosexual development do children develop interest in their genitals?

Phallic Signup and view all the answers

What aspect do social and personality developments share according to the content?

Both encompass interactions with others Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of the latency stage in Freud's psychosocial development?

Developing talents and skills Signup and view all the answers

What developmental stage occurs during the ages of 5-6 years to adolescence?

Industry vs. Inferiority Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is associated with Pavlov and involves responding to a neutral stimulus?

Classical conditioning Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, the conflict faced in early adulthood is characterized by which terms?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

What role does Bandura attribute to observation in social cognitive learning?

Learning through observation/imitation Signup and view all the answers

Which level of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model refers to the broader societal influences?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

In the context of humanistic psychology, which factor is highlighted as crucial for personal development?

Free will and self-actualization Signup and view all the answers

The mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model refers to what?

Connections between various microsystem elements Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of operant conditioning?

Strengthening or weakening voluntary responses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Types of Development

Development includes physical, cognitive, social, and personality domains, with social and personality often combined.

Physical Development

Involves body’s physical structure, brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses; includes basic needs like food, drink, and sleep.

Cognitive Development

Encompasses growth and changes in intellectual capabilities that affect behavior.

Focuses on how individuals interact with others and how these relationships evolve over time.

Personality Development

Refers to the enduring characteristics that distinguish one individual from another and how they change over a lifespan.

Structure of Personality

Consists of three parts:
- Id: Basic, instinctual drives present at birth.
- Ego: Rational mediator that manages the id and reality.
- Superego: Conscience that internalizes societal values of right and wrong.

Theoretical Perspectives

Psychodynamic Perspective

Behavior is driven by unconscious forces from childhood (Freud's theory).

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

Oral (0-18 months): Focus on oral gratification.
Anal (18 months-3 years): Toilet training importance.
Phallic (3-6 years): Interest in genitals and identification with the same-sex parent.
Latency (6-adolescence): Sexual interests temporarily suppressed.
Genital (adolescence-adulthood): Reawakening of sexual interests.

Psychosocial Development (Erikson)

Eight stages emphasizing social interaction:
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - 1.5 years)
- Autonomy vs. Shame (1.5 - 3 years)
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3 - 6 years)
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - adolescence)
- Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)
- Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood)
- Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)
- Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Behavioral Perspective

Focus on observable behavior and environmental stimuli's role in shaping development.

Learning Theories

Classical Conditioning: Learning through association.
Operant Conditioning: Responses strengthened/weakened by consequences (Skinner).
Social Cognitive Learning: Learning through observation and imitation (Bandura).

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes free will and the drive to realize one’s potential (Rogers, Maslow).

Contextual Perspective

Considers interrelationships between various aspects of development.

Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model

Five environmental systems:
- Microsystem: Immediate environments (family, school).
- Mesosystem: Connections between microsystems.
- Exosystem: Broader societal influences (schools, community).
- Macrosystem: Larger cultural influences (laws, values).
- Chronosystem: Changes and transitions over time.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Highlights the role of social interactions and culture in cognitive development.

Evolutionary Perspective

Proposes behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance and adaptive traits that promote survival (Darwin, Lorenz).

Information Processing Approach

Explores how individuals process, store, and retrieve information.

Sensitive vs. Critical Periods

Critical Period: Specific time for necessary developmental stimuli; absence can disrupt normal development.
Sensitive Period: Time of heightened susceptibility to certain stimuli, absence may not lead to irreversible consequences.

Developmental Questions

Monoism vs. Dualism: Examines the nature of the mind and body relationship.
Discontinuous vs. Continuous Change:
- Continuous: Gradual development with cumulative achievements.
- Discontinuous: Staged development with qualitative changes.
Nature vs. Nurture: Interaction of inherited traits (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) in shaping behavior.

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Concepts:
- Schemas: Organized mental patterns reflecting behaviors.
- Assimilation: Fitting new experiences into existing schemas.
- Accommodation: Modifying schemas in response to new experiences.
Both processes work together to facilitate cognitive growth.

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Examines cultural perspectives on self-identity and social relationships.

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Description

Explore the different types of development in this quiz, focusing on physical, cognitive, social, and personality aspects. Understand how these domains interact and influence human behavior. Set your foundation in developmental psychology with this introductory chapter.