Human Development Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which domain encompasses growth and change in a person's body along with genetic and health factors?

  • Psychosocial
  • Biopsychosocial
  • Cognitive
  • Biosocial (correct)

Experiments are primarily useful for determining what?

  • A cost-effective research method
  • The natural environment
  • A cause-and-effect relationship (correct)
  • The complexity of an individual

When observing Jane cry at work, Jack's interpretation reflects what concept?

  • Work culture orientation
  • Difference-equals-deficit error (correct)
  • Critical thinking
  • A social construction

What does 'nature' refer to in the context of human development?

<p>Genes that people inherit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the scientific method, which step follows developing a hypothesis?

<p>Supporting or refuting a hypothesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about scientific observation?

<p>It involves systematic and objective behavior recording (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Furth's inquiry regarding vitamin E's effect on a brain chemical illustrates which step in the scientific method?

<p>First step (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept reflects race as a social construct?

<p>A social construction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotion is a baby exhibiting when upset due to a caregiver leaving?

<p>separation anxiety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior indicates a secure attachment in a child?

<p>makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver reenters the room (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do emotions of attachment benefit children?

<p>keeping them near their vigilant caregivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When interacting with their children, how do mothers typically differ from fathers?

<p>comfort their children (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central focus of the autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis in children?

<p>asserting control over his or her own actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what developmental stage does face-to-face synchrony become less common and attachment become clearer?

<p>the infant can walk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How will a four-month-old and a thirteen-month-old react to being left with a babysitter?

<p>Dawn will show more distress than Tammi. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of failing to develop autonomy over one's own actions, according to Erikson?

<p>shame and doubt (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome for children who attended an intensive early-intervention program?

<p>Less likely to need special education and more likely to attend college (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'logical extension' refer to in language development?

<p>Using a newly learned word to describe objects in the same category (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive concept is demonstrated when Avia pretends to be a teacher?

<p>Pragmatics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reasoning error did Beatriz make when she insisted her mom was simply 'her Mommy'?

<p>Centration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is being demonstrated when Ivan points at the table and says 'Naughty table!'?

<p>Animism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky, language serves as a tool to _____.

<p>Regulate behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the water conservation experiment, if the child understands that the amount of water remains constant, they have grasped the concept of _____.

<p>Conservation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is likely to be a child's first guided participation according to Vygotsky?

<p>Parent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's _____.

<p>attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is an essential characteristic of high-quality day care?

<p>experienced, professional caregivers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist stated, 'Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders'?

<p>Watson (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You are babysitting a toddler when they have a temper tantrum over dinner. How should you respond?

<p>with comfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child who is fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____.

<p>eats too much (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the rapid brain growth that is temporary in nature?

<p>transient exuberance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do around 50 percent of babies typically sit up unsupported?

<p>6 months (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sam is a 6-month-old infant. He will prefer to look at what type of face?

<p>happy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?

<p>Ainsworth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can we infer about Jian and Adad's motor skills in relation to their local norms?

<p>Both infants are on target relative to their local norms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Huan is 20 months old, and his mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on for him, but Huan rejects that by squirming and declaring, 'No! Me!'. Huan is in Erikson's _____ stage.

<p>autonomy vs. shame and doubt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the small movements made by fingers and toes?

<p>fine motor skills (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the protective feature of the human body that safeguards the brain during periods of malnutrition?

<p>head-sparing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Between which months can most infants typically lift their midsections and crawl on 'all fours'?

<p>10 and 12 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sleep state is Maggie experiencing if she is dozing in and out and is half-awake?

<p>transitional sleep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory develops by 3 months of age and is not verbal?

<p>implicit memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is characterized by expecting unquestioning obedience from children?

<p>Authoritarian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of Baumrind's classification of parenting styles?

<p>It emphasizes parental attitudes over practical behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be the response of Evan and Liam when Jack engages in rough-and-tumble play?

<p>They will chase him and join in the rough play. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects how children's play can reflect their culture's practices?

<p>Children's play often incorporates elements from their cultural environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an action parents of children aged 1-3 years should avoid to encourage play?

<p>Offering technological devices for play. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding play among parents and their children?

<p>Children's play methods differ significantly by culture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The child who is likely to have been raised by authoritative parents is most likely to be described as?

<p>Resilient and successful. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adeline's ability to articulate her feelings and self-characteristics indicates she has developed what aspect?

<p>Self-concept (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biosocial Domain

The domain of human development encompassing physical growth, changes, and influences like genetics, nutrition, and health.

Experiment

A research method used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship by systematically manipulating variables and observing their effects.

Assumption Based on Name

A preconceived notion or stereotype about a person based solely on their name or other superficial characteristics.

Scientific Observation

The systematic, objective recording of behaviors or phenomena for research purposes. It requires careful observation and documentation.

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Difference-equals-deficit error

The assumption that differences between groups are inherently deficient or inferior, often based on prejudice and stereotypes.

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Posing a Research Question

The initial step in the scientific method where a researcher identifies a specific question or phenomenon they want to investigate.

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Race as a Social Construct

A social construct that has no biological basis but is used to categorize people based on perceived similarities and differences.

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Rapid and Dramatic Change

Change that happens rapidly and dramatically over a short period of time.

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Transient exuberance

A period of rapid brain growth in infancy characterized by the production of many more dendrites than will be needed later. This exuberance allows for a large number of potential neural connections.

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Pruning

The process of eliminating unused or unnecessary dendrites in the brain, which occurs as part of brain maturation.

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Sitting up unsupported

The ability to sit upright without support. This milestone is typically achieved around 6 months of age.

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Fine motor skills

Small, precise movements that involve the hands, fingers, toes, and feet. Examples include grasping, writing, and playing a musical instrument.

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Head-sparing

The brain's ability to protect itself during malnutrition by prioritizing its own growth and development over the growth of other parts of the body.

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REM sleep

The stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, dreaming, and increased brain activity.

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Object permanence

The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. This concept typically emerges during infancy.

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Implicit memory

A type of memory that is not dependent on conscious recollection. It is involved in learning skills and habits.

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Separation Anxiety

When an infant is distressed when a caregiver leaves, especially their primary caregiver. This is common between 6 months and 3 years of age.

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Secure Attachment

A type of attachment where a child feels secure and confident in their caregiver's presence, seeking comfort when distressed and exploring with confidence.

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Mother's Play Style

Mothers tend to focus on nurturing and comforting their children during play, promoting emotional security and closeness.

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The stage in Erikson's psychosocial development where a child learns to assert their independence and control over their actions. This is typically between 18 months and 3 years old.

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Oral Stage

The period when infants are fascinated with their mouths, exploring and learning through sucking, biting, and tasting. This is Freud's first stage of psychosexual development.

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Self-Recognition

The ability of a baby to recognize their own reflection, typically around 18 months of age.

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Face-to-Face Synchrony

The ability of infant and caregiver to connect through shared emotions and reciprocal gestures, establishing a bond and communication.

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Strange Situation Test

A research method used to assess infants' attachment styles by observing their reactions to separation and reunion with their primary caregiver.

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Extrafamilial Daycare

A type of childcare provided by someone other than a relative, such as a daycare center.

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Behavioral Perspective (Learning Theory)

The theory that emphasizes the influence of the environment and learning on personality development. This perspective argues that personality is shaped by experiences and reinforcement.

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Insecure-Resistant Attachment

A type of insecure attachment characterized by a child's resistance to both exploration and comfort from the caregiver. They are distressed by separation but do not easily comfort upon reunion.

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Psychosocial Theory of Development

A theory of personality development that emphasizes the importance of social interaction and the development of personal identity throughout the lifespan.

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Secure Base

A caregiver who responds consistently and predictably to an infant's needs, providing comfort and security.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.

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Logical Extension

The process of applying a newly acquired concept or word to a preexisting category.

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Language Shift

A change in language usage that results from exposure to a new language or culture.

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Animism

The tendency for young children to believe that inanimate objects have feelings and intentions.

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Operational Thinking

The ability to think logically and use abstract concepts.

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Language as a Tool for Self-Regulation

The process of using language to regulate one's own behavior.

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First Guided Participation

The first guided participation a child receives is usually from their parent.

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Conservation

Understanding that the amount of liquid stays the same even if it is poured into a different shaped container.

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Authoritative Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high demands and high responsiveness, encouraging independence and open communication.

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Authoritarian Parenting

A parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness, emphasizing obedience and control.

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Parenting Responsiveness

The extent to which parents are warm, responsive, and involved in their children's lives.

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Parenting Demandingness

The degree to which parents set and enforce rules and expectations for their children's behavior.

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Parallel Play

A type of play where children play alongside each other but do not interact directly.

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Make-Believe Play

A type of play where children engage in pretend or imaginary scenarios.

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Rough-and-Tumble Play

A type of interactive play where children physically engage with each other, often involving chasing, wrestling, and other physical activities.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1

  • The biosocial domain encompasses growth, change, and factors influencing it (genetic, nutritional, health)
  • Experiments help researchers study complex individual development in a cost-effective way.
  • Determining cause-and-effect relationships is a key goal of experiments
  • Observing behavior systematically and objectively is essential to scientific research.

Chapter 2

  • Race is a social construct, not a biological reality
  • "Nature" refers to inherited genes, while "nurture" encompasses environmental influences
  • Discontinuous development is characterized by rapid, dramatic changes.
  • Continuous development involves gradual, steady progression.
  • The chronosystem describes how historical time impacts development.

Chapter 3

  • One in every 30,000 infants has a chromosomal abnormality
  • Alcohol use disorder is polygenic (influenced by multiple genes) and culture plays a significant role
  • Females are often carriers of X-linked traits, males are more likely to express them.
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process where an ovum is fertilized in a lab and then implanted
  • A zygote is a single-celled organism resulting from the union of sperm and ovum.
  • Down syndrome is a type of chromosomal disorder, specifically trisomy 21.
  • A single gene disorder like Huntington's disease is often dominant.

Chapter 4

  • The frequency of low birthweight in the US decreased and then increased in the 1990s and early 2000s
  • The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale is used to evaluate newborn reflexes
  • A baby born two or more weeks early is considered premature
  • Low folic acid levels during pregnancy can lead to birth defects like neural-tube defects, heart defects, and limb deformities.
  • Kangaroo care involves placing a baby on the parent's chest skin-to-skin.
  • Brain pathways are primarily formed during the germinal and embryonic stages of development.

Chapter 5

  • Psychoanalytic theories emphasize the impact of early experiences, including those in the unconscious.
  • Experiments are particularly important in observational conditioning, which studies behavior and the links between behavior, and environmental stimuli.
  • Humans evolve more rapidly than other species due to environmental influences.
  • Piaget's four stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. (in order)
  • Cognitive disequilibrium is a state of confusion that occurs when experiences challenge a child's existing understanding of the world. Also, the process of resolving this confusion through learning.

Chapter 6

  • Evolutionary theory often explains fears through ancestral survival benefits
  • Chomsky's theory is that children have a natural ability to learn language
  • Piaget's theory is that children progress through stages of development from infancy to adulthood.
  • Sensorimotor stage six involves toddlers enjoying playing with objects as if they were real
  • Holophrases are single words used to express a whole thought by toddlers
  • The “naming explosion” in toddlers typically begins around 18 months old.

Chapter 7

  • The Strange Situation test measures attachment styles in infants.
  • The term "holophrase" refers to a single word used by an infant to communicate a complex meaning (a whole thought)
  • Infants display object permanence when they understand that objects still exist even when they can’t see them.
  • Four stages of cognitive development, proposed by Piaget, include: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
  • The naming explosion occurs roughly around 18 months old which refers to the exponential growth of words children acquire.

Chapter 8

  • Allergic reactions to peanuts can be decreased through carefully managed introductions, or avoiding known triggers with peanut products in schools and daycares
  • Brain lateralization is the specialization of the two brain hemispheres.
  • Executive function skills are essential cognitive abilities that develop over time through practice.
  • Piaget theorized that children experience stages of cognitive development involving sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational phases. 

Chapter 9

  • Piaget believed that until approximately age six, children are unable to think logically.
  • Executive functions are considered essential cognitive abilities for children, and these abilities develop over time.
  • Language development is influenced by various factors, such as the language spoken at home and the quality of interactions with caregivers.
  • Children understand that objects exist even if they aren't visible to them, known as object permanence.

Chapter 10

  • Children's play reflects their culture, communication, parenting style, and the various expectations.
  • Some play styles, like parallel play and rough-and-tumble play, are common amongst children of various ages.
  • Diana Baumrind's research studied parenting styles, distinguishing permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian approaches.

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Test your knowledge on the concepts of human growth, emotional attachment, and the scientific method in relation to development. This quiz covers key concepts that influence our understanding of body changes, genetic factors, and social constructs. Ideal for students studying psychology or human development.

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