Human Development Quiz

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is considered growth in the context of human development?

Measurable change in size or functioning of the body (correct)

The emotional expression of a person

Changes in behavior due to environmental influences

The development of motor skills over time

How does maturation differ from growth?

Maturation refers to biological changes within a person (correct)

Maturation involves motor skill acquisition

Maturation is only observable in children

Maturation is about physical fitness

What does physical literacy primarily aim to integrate?

Movement capacities with health behaviors and attitudes (correct)

Fitness levels and nutritional knowledge

Physical activity and competitive sports

Sport proficiency and mental health

Which of the following factors is essential for early motor development?

Early exposure to various physical activities Signup and view all the answers

What are critical periods in development?

Specific sensitivities to environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What benefit do parents perceive from early exposure to physical activities?

It encourages children to be active and healthy Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT related to motor development?

Development of cognitive skills Signup and view all the answers

What is one key outcome of being physically literate?

Being a proficient mover, contributing to overall health Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as affecting growth and development?

Physical environment Signup and view all the answers

How does socioeconomic status influence growth and development?

It relates to the availability of healthy food. Signup and view all the answers

Inadequate nutrition can lead to which of the following outcomes in growth?

Delayed growth Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is primarily responsible for energy production in the body?

Fats Signup and view all the answers

Malnutrition can occur even in which type of location?

Countries with abundant food supplies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about exercise and social development is true?

Positive interaction in team sports facilitates social development. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is vital for ensuring easier access to other growth and development factors?

Basic necessities being met Signup and view all the answers

What is often overlooked as important for physical development in school curricula?

Physical education Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of body fat is considered healthy for adult males?

10 to 20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor influencing muscular strength differences between sexes after puberty?

Testosterone levels Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can occur from excessive strain on bones during growth?

Osteochondrosis Signup and view all the answers

How does regular exercise typically affect bone density?

Increases it Signup and view all the answers

What is the average percentage of muscular strength females have compared to males in dynamic strength tests?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What effect does aging generally have on flexibility?

Decreases flexibility Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the body composition of active children and teenagers?

Increase in lean body mass Signup and view all the answers

What factors affect flexibility?

Ligament structure and muscle type Signup and view all the answers

What is the main theory associated with perceptual motor development?

Kephart's Theory of Perceptual-Motor Development Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is identified as internally driven and influences motor development?

Motivation Signup and view all the answers

What may improve reading and writing skills according to Kephart's theory?

Participation in basic forms of movement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason children may drop out of physical activities?

Enjoyment of the activity Signup and view all the answers

Which sociocultural factor can significantly influence children's motor development?

Family background Signup and view all the answers

How does self-confidence influence physical activity participation?

The more I do, the better I feel. Signup and view all the answers

Parents who emphasize academics over physical education may impact their children's development by:

Discouraging physical activity participation. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common external factor that can influence a child's motivation to engage in physical activities?

Coaching style Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by 'readiness' in the context of skill acquisition?

Preparation to acquire a skill requires multiple factors. Signup and view all the answers

What major change occurs during early childhood?

Gradual loss of baby fat is observed. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does late childhood begin?

10 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding growth during mid-childhood?

The growth during this period is slow and constant. Signup and view all the answers

What physical changes are typical at the onset of late childhood?

Fat deposition occurs prior to growth spurts. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological feature develops during late childhood?

Full maturation of the reproductive system. Signup and view all the answers

At what age do individual differences in maturation typically begin to appear?

10-13 years Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adolescents is true?

Adolescence starts at age 14 and ends with adulthood onset. Signup and view all the answers

How does growth differ between infancy and late childhood?

Infancy is a period of rapid growth, whereas late childhood has a varied pace. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic differentiates growth patterns in boys and girls during late childhood?

Boys generally gain muscle, while girls may have slight body fat increases. Signup and view all the answers

What term did William Sheldon coin in 1940 to categorize human physique and psychological characteristics?

Somatotype Signup and view all the answers

At what average age does the adolescent growth spurt typically begin for girls?

11 years Signup and view all the answers

Which germinal layer develops into the heart and blood vessels?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the average height gain per year during adolescence for boys?

10cm Signup and view all the answers

Which body type is typically described as round and soft, and associated with being extroverted?

Endomorph Signup and view all the answers

What is the average weight gain for boys during adolescence?

20kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the standing height referred to in the context of stature?

The distance from the floor to the highest point on the skull Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change usually occurs in stature after age 30?

No change in stature Signup and view all the answers

Which somatotype is characterized by being long and thin with psychological traits of being introverted and sensitive?

Ectomorph Signup and view all the answers

How does body weight change between boys and girls from birth until adolescence?

Boys and girls have little difference in body weight Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Growth Motor Development and Physical Literacy

Growth is a measurable change in size, quantity, or function of the body.
Maturation is the extent to which underlying characteristics resemble biological or emotional states.
Motor development is the study of how movement changes over time due to biological and environmental influences.
Physical literacy involves integrating movement capacities with health behaviours, understanding, and attitudes to create a long-term lifestyle.
Physical literacy is important for overall health, and as a foundation for sports and fitness.
Early exposure to physical activities promotes early development of balance, coordination, strength, flexibility, and endurance.
Positive experiences in physical activities are essential for development.
Early exposure to physical activities, motivating children for sports in their education programs, is beneficial.
Critical periods are times of specific sensitivity to environmental stimuli, affecting optimal development. Stimuli present during these periods influence development.
Readiness is a state where an individual is prepared to acquire a specific behaviour or skill; it includes desire, information, ability, and acquisition of physical characteristics.
Growth and development have stages: Infancy, Childhood, & Adolescence.

Defining the Main Concepts

Growth: Measurable change in a body part's size, amount, or function.
Maturation: Extent to which a characteristic resembles a biological state (body changes or emotions).
Motor Development: Studying how movement behaviour progresses over time because of influences from the biological system and the environment.

Physical Literacy

Physical literacy integrates various movement capabilities with health-related aspects (behaviours, knowledge, and attitudes).
Applying these aspects to a long-term lifestyle reflects a person's physical literacy.
Proficient movement is essential for overall health, not solely for sport or fitness.

Introduction

Factors affecting growth and motor development include early exposure to physical activities, critical periods, and readiness.

Early Exposure to Physical Activities

Encouraging physical activity from a young age is helpful.
Essential to develop balance, coordination, strength, flexibility, and endurance.
Positive physical activity experiences are very important.
Early exposure motivates many parents to involve their children in various sports or physical education programs.

Critical or Sensitive Periods

Periods when individuals are particularly receptive to environmental stimuli.
Development is sensitive to the presence or absence of appropriate stimuli.
These periods are often early in development.

Readiness

Readiness implies an individual is prepared for acquiring a behaviour or skill.
Readiness includes having the desire to perform, access to information, ability, and appropriate physical characteristics.

Stages of Growth & Development

Growth and development are divided into infancy, childhood, and adolescence; each with characteristics.

Infancy

Birth to one year.
Marked by rapid growth.
Typically, boys are heavier and taller at birth than girls.

Childhood

One year to thirteen years.
Includes early childhood (1–6 years), mid-childhood (6–10 years), and late childhood (10–13 years).
Characterized by distinct growth and development patterns in each stage.

Early Childhood (1–6 years)

Gradual loss of "baby fat".
Girls lose less fat than boys.
Rapid growth (slower than infancy).
Quite flexible bodies.
Muscle development during play.

Mid-Childhood (6–10 years)

Slower, more consistent growth.
Improved coordination and motor skills.

Late Childhood (10–13 years)

Increased growth rate.
Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt.
Differences in maturation start to emerge.
Reproductive system develops; secondary sex characteristics begin to appear.
Redistribution of body weight occurs (e.g., boys gain muscle, girls gain some fat).
Early onset of maturation can affect participation in sports or activities across all age groups.

Adolescence (14–20 years)

Following puberty, physical growth ceases by the end of adolescence.
Significant differences in physique are apparent post-puberty.
Body types (somatotypes) become evident.
These types are Ectomorph, Mesomorph, and Endomorph.

Ectomorph

Long, thin, and fine-boned body type.
Introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, and sensitive personality traits.

Mesomorph

Square, muscular, active, dynamic, assertive, and aggressive personality.

Endomorph

Round and soft body type.
Extroverted, relaxed, and comfortable personality.

Social pressures often contribute to shaping the ideal physique in adolescence.
It is combined with significant physical, hormonal, and psychological changes in adolescence.

Gender Body Structure Differences

Differences in body characteristics exist between genders over the growth cycle.
Little difference between genders prior to adolescence in body structure or body weight.

Stature

Stature refers to a person's height.
Infants' body length is measured while they are supine.
Little difference in average length between males and females at birth.
Boys are typically taller and heavier than girls toward the end of the first year of life.
Puberty causes increased growth rate for both genders; peak height varies based on gender and individual variation.
Growth continues to adolescence then slows; stature remains stable until age 30.
Some decrease in stature occurs after age 45 due to intervertebral disc degeneration.

Weight

Little difference in average weight between males and females at birth until adolescence.
Weight gain rapidly accelerates (especially in first year). Weight gain slows down after the first year.
Weight gain continues through the following two years of life.
Significant increase at puberty. The weight gain during adolescence can be attributed to height increase and composition changes.

Gender Fitness Differences

Gender differences in fitness throughout the growth cycle exist.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Heart rate averages about 100 bpm in children under six, gradually decreasing to 72-75 bpm in early adulthood.
Stroke volume (blood pumped per minute) is less than in adults due to smaller heart size.

Body Composition

Lean body tissue vs. fat (adipose) tissue.
Fat tissue at birth (females tend to have more than males).
Fat deposition continues through the growth span.
Adult body composition varies (10%–20% fat for men and 20%–32% for women).

Exercise & Bone Development

Regular exercise promotes increased bone diameter and density.
Exercise increases bone strength and durability (especially weight-bearing exercises).
Overuse injuries due to excessive exercise and young children's bone development may happen during growth time.

Flexibility

Flexibility is the range of motion around joints; it is influenced by ligament structure, joint capsule, muscle mass, and the type of joints involved.
Flexibility generally decreases with age and inactivity.

Muscular Strength

Differences appear post-puberty in muscular strength between genders, with testosterone being the chief influence.
Typically, post-puberty, males tend to exhibit greater muscular strength than females.

Exercise & Body Composition

Active children and teenagers generally show an increase in lean body mass and a decrease in percent body fat.
Muscle growth accompanying exercise is termed "muscle hypertrophy."

Knowledge Check

Adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately two years earlier in girls compared to boys (False).
Significant difference between female and male physiques exists before puberty (False).
Individuality and variability in growth and development exist within and between genders throughout the life stages (True).

Factors Affecting Growth & Development

Key factors include heredity, nutrition, socioeconomic status, and exercise.

Heredity

Involves genetic information passed through generations.
Environmental factors affect gene expression, such as malnutrition delaying potential height.

Nutrition

Essential nutrients for growth and development.
Inadequate nutrition, including malnutrition (or undernourishment), can delay or impair growth even in areas with abundant food supplies.
Overeating and lack of exercise contributes to obesity.

Socioeconomic Status

Body size is related to socioeconomic status and nutrition.
Factors directly impacting socioeconomic status are income, education about healthy food, and access to adequate food supplies.
Other contributing factors such as stress levels, sleep patterns, and exercise habits also impact growth and development; they are easier to maintain when basic needs are met.

Team sports promoting positive interaction and cooperation can facilitate social development.
Pressure from coaches and parents can hinder development of an active lifestyle and cause stress.

Perceptual Motor Development Across the Growth & Development Cycle

Importance of physical education curriculum often overlooked.
Certain parents discourage physical education and emphasize academics over it.
Some parents promote physical activity through enrolled children into organized physical activity programs.
Perceptual motor development focuses on using movement activities to improve academic and intellectual performance.
Newell Kephart's theory highlights the importance of integrating present stimuli with past experiences for efficient learning.

Other Factors Affecting Motor Development

Motivation is essential to physical activity. It includes things like perceived confidence, control, and expectations.
Fun and enjoyment are essential to maintaining physical activity interests and motivation.
Self-esteem, self-concept, and self-confidence are closely related and all enhance motivation.
Socio-cultural factors, including family background and fostering positive social skills, are also important, such as supporting rather than exerting pressure to perform. The influence of peers is also high during the adolescent period.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores key concepts in human development, including growth, maturation, and the importance of physical literacy. It also examines factors influencing early motor development, nutrition, and socioeconomic impacts on growth. Test your understanding of these essential topics in human development.