Human Development: Physical Development in Early Years
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Questions and Answers

At what age does maximum perceptual development take place according to the text?

  • Three and a half to seven years old (correct)
  • Five years old
  • Eight years old
  • Ten years old

    • Which sense is mature at birth and is noted to be the most preferred taste for infants?

  • Hearing
  • Taste (correct)
  • Smell
  • Sight

    • When does depth perception typically begin to develop in infants according to the text?

  • Between six to eight months (correct)
  • Around two years old
  • At birth
  • Between one to two months

    • What device was used to test the existence of depth perception in children according to the text?

    <p>Visual cliff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do infants learn according to the text?

    <p>Through sensory experiences and perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neonate?

    <p>A child who is 4 weeks old or younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes motor behavior?

    <p>Bodily motion resulting from self-initiated force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does motor development change as children get older?

    <p>It becomes more sophisticated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to motor development according to cross-cultural research?

    <p>Early moving opportunities and a stimulating environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can child-rearing practices impact a baby's motor development?

    <p>By changing the baby's moving opportunities and environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage is characterized by extremely rapid growth and development?

    <p>Infancy (0-2 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does motor development begin to level out somewhat?

    <p>2 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor behavior skills typically appear during early childhood (2-6 years)?

    <p>Basic locomotor and ball-handling skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does climbing typically evolve in early childhood according to the text?

    <p>From creeping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does eye-hand coordination develop to be very good according to the text?

    <p>9 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sensory development related to vision according to the text?

    <p>Vision takes longer to develop than other senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can a neonate discriminate the sound of their mother's voice according to the text?

    <p>3 days old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does depth perception typically begin to develop in infants according to the text?

    <p>Between 6 and 8 months of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does maximum perceptual development take place according to the text?

    <p>Between 3.5 and 7 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the visual cliff in child psychology?

    <p>It assesses depth perception in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are infants described in terms of their sensory abilities at birth?

    <p>They have mature touch, taste, and smell senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of perceptual development in infants?

    <p>Infants actively participate in acquiring and interpreting perceptual information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does sensory development in vision suggest that infants first open their eyes?

    <p>3 days old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the sensory development of hearing in neonates?

    <p>Neonates can hear nearly as well as adults, prefer human voice frequencies, and can discriminate their mother's voice as early as 3 days old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of motor development do skills like running, jumping, and skipping typically appear?

    <p>Stage 2 - Early Childhood (2-6 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In sensory development, which sense is noted to mature prior to birth and is preferred by neonates?

    <p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sensory development related to vision in newborns according to the text?

    <p>Visual focus is relatively fixed at about 9 inches from the cornea after opening eyes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the motor development in children up to 6 years old?

    <p>Walking evolves into basic locomotor skills like running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of the behaviors of a neonate?

    <p>They are reflexive, unlearned reactions to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is highlighted in cross-cultural research as contributing to motor development?

    <p>Early moving opportunities and a stimulating environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of motor development do children become steadier and more flexible in their movements?

    <p>Infancy (0-2 years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe bodily motion resulting from self-initiated force that moves bones and muscles?

    <p>Motor behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that motor patterns may be innately programmed and activated at specific times?

    <p>Nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is an individual typically considered a neonate?

    <p>1 month old or younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What skills typically appear during early childhood (2-6 years) in terms of motor behavior?

    <p>Basic locomotor and ball-handling skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does eye-hand coordination develop to be very good according to the text?

    <p>9 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement typically evolves from creeping according to the text?

    <p>Running and jumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sensory development related to vision in newborns according to the text?

    <p>Fixed visual focus at 9 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sensory development related to hearing described in neonates according to the text?

    <p>Preference for human voice frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does sensory development in vision suggest that infants first open their eyes?

    <p>At birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the defining characteristic of motor behavior according to the text?

    <p>Behavior resulting from self-initiated force moving bones and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of motor development, what does the term 'neonate' refer to?

    <p>A baby who is 4 weeks old or younger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is suggested by cross-cultural research to contribute to motor development?

    <p>Limited opportunities for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During infancy (0-2 years), what marks the first stage of motor development?

    <p>Rapid growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains the nature versus nurture debate in motor development?

    <p>Early moving opportunities and a stimulating environment influence motor development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the behaviors of a neonate according to the text?

    <p>Involuntary, reflexive responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does depth perception typically start to develop in infants according to the text?

    <p>6-8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the visual cliff device developed by Cornell University psychologists?

    <p>Assessing infants' depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sense is mature at birth and is most preferred in terms of taste for infants?

    <p>Taste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does maximum perceptual development typically occur in children according to the text?

    <p>Between 3.5 and 7 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines perception according to the text?

    <p>The integration and interpretation of complex sensory patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Perceptual Development

    • Perception is the higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting complex patterns of sensations
    • Perceptual development is an active process: the infant actively participates in acquiring and interpreting perceptual information
    • Maximum perceptual development takes place between the ages of three and a half and seven years of age
    • Infants learn through perceptual experience: perception leads to new knowledge, which in turn influences future perception

    Sensory Development

    • Touch, taste, and smell are mature at birth; prefers sweet taste
    • Can distinguish the smell of their mothers from the smell of an unfamiliar woman
    • Hearing: begins prior to birth and is mature at birth
    • Infant prefers frequencies of the human voice
    • Neonates can hear nearly as well as adults
    • A neonate can discriminate the sound of their mother’s voice as early as 3-days old
    • Vision takes longer to develop than other senses
    • When the newborn first opens his eyes, his/her visual focus is relatively fixed at about 9 inches from the cornea, which is approximately the distance between him and his mother’s face during nursing
    • Eye muscles are weak; hence eye coordination is poor

    Motor Development

    • Motor development is the progressive change in movement throughout the life cycle
    • Motor development becomes more sophisticated as the child gets older and they become steadier and more flexible in their movements
    • Motor development is influenced by both nature and nurture
    • Cross-cultural research has shown that early moving opportunities and a stimulating environment contribute to motor development
    • Different child-rearing practices may change a baby’s moving opportunities and environment and therefore affect motor development
    • Motor patterns could also be seen as being innately programmed and become activated at specific times

    Motor Development Stages

    • Stage 1: Infancy (0-2 years)
      • Marked by extremely rapid growth and development
      • By the age of 2 years old, this development has begun to level out somewhat
    • Stage 2: Early Childhood (2-6 years)
      • Characterized as the period of the most rapid development of motor behaviors
      • Skills that appear are:
        • Basic locomotor
        • Ball-handling
        • Fine eye-hand coordination
        • Walking leads to running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping
        • Climbing evolves from creeping
    • Stage 3: Later Childhood (6-12 years)
      • The final stage does not have any marked new developments, rather it is characterized by the mastering and development of the skills achieved in the first two stages
      • By 9 years eye-hand coordination has developed to being very good
      • Growth is relatively slow
      • This stage is terminated by the onset of puberty
      • Motor skills are perfected and stabilized

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