Growth & Development CH 10 2020 PDF

Growth Motor Development and Physical Literacy Chapter 10 Sport Books Publisher 1  Defining the Main Concepts  Growth: the measurable change in size, quantity, or functioning of the body or its parts.  Maturation: the extent to which a particular underlying chara...

Growth Motor Development and Physical Literacy Chapter 10 Sport Books Publisher 1  Defining the Main Concepts  Growth: the measurable change in size, quantity, or functioning of the body or its parts.  Maturation: the extent to which a particular underlying characteristic resembles a biological state(body change or emotional expression)  Motor Development: the study of how movement behavior changes over time because of influences from one’s biological system and environment Sport Books Publisher 2  Physical Literacy  Involves the Integration of a variety of useful movement capacities with other important aspects of health(behaviours, understanding, attitude) and then applying these to a long-term lifestyle, reflects a person’s physical literacy.  The concept is one that assert being a proficient mover is not only important for sport, or being fit, but it acts as part of one's foundation for overall health Sport Books Publisher 3 Introduction  One must consider a few important influences that affect individual growth & motor development, including: 1.Early Exposure to Physical Activities 2.Critical Periods 3.Readiness Sport Books Publisher 4 Early Stimulation Sport Books Publisher 5  Early Exposure to Physical Activities  Encouragement to participate in various physical activities from a young age  Early development of balance, coordination, strength, flexibility, and endurance is essential  Positive experiences when engaged in physical activities Sport Books Publisher 6  Early Exposure to Physical Activities  The benefits of early exposure to physical activity has motivated many parents to involve children in education programs for many sports at a young age Sport Books Publisher 7 Critical or Sensitive Periods Times of specific sensitivity to environmental stimuli. Potential for optimal development is affected by the presence or absence of appropriate stimuli at this critical period This critical period is quite early in development  Readiness  Implies that the individual is prepared, or ready, to acquire a particular behaviour or skill  Performance requires: Desire to perform a task Information Ability Acquisition of physical characteristics Sport Books Publisher 9 Stages of Growth & Development Sport Books Publisher 10  Stages of Growth & Development 1. Infancy 2. Childhood 3. Adolescence Sport Books Publisher 11  Growth Curves % 130 Lymphoid 120 110 100 90 Nervous 80 70 Overall Body 60 Reproductive 50 40 Skeletal 30 20 10 0 B 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Age (years) (Tanner, 1962)  Infancy  BIRTH to 1 YEAR  Period of rapid growth  Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth Sport Books Publisher 13  Childhood  ONE YEAR (1) to THIRTEEN YEARS (13)  Consists of: Early childhood (1 - 6 yrs.) Mid-childhood (6 - 10 yrs.) Late-childhood (10 - 13 yrs.) Sport Books Publisher 14  Early Childhood 1year to six 6 years of age Features:  Gradual loss of “baby fat”  Girls lose less fat than boys  Rapid growth but not as rapid as in infancy  Quite flexible  Muscle development while at play Sport Books Publisher 15  Mid-Childhood 6 to 10 years Features:  Slower, more constant growth  Improved coordination and motorfunctioning Sport Books Publisher 16  Late Childhood 10 to 13 years Features Increased rate of growth Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt : 9-10 years of age in girls 11-12 years of age in boys Individual differences in maturation begin to show Sport Books Publisher 17  Late Childhood cont’d Development of the reproductive system Appearance of secondary sex characteristics Breasts Pubic Hair Redistribution of body weight Boys - muscle tissue, body fat Girls - slight body fat Sport Books Publisher 18  Late Childhood  Earlier onset of maturation in females may account for their ability to achieve world- class status across many sports  For example, Alysa Liu, is the youngest US ladies’ figure skating champion(13 when she won in 2019)  Nadia Comăneci 15-year-old wins 3 gold medals at the 1976 olympics Sport Books Publisher 19  Adolescence 14 to 20 years Features: Following puberty Ends with the onset of adulthood Obvious differences in physical growth cease with the end of adolescence time period. Sport Books Publisher 20  Adolescence cont’d The variability of body types (somatotypes) become more evident Ectomorph Mesomorph Endomorph Usually individuals are a combination of these body types Sport Books Publisher 21 Somatotypes Sport Books Publisher 22 Somatotype Term coined in 1940 by psychologist and physician William Sheldon Basically a taxonomy he used to categorize the human physique and the psychological character that was generally associated with the given body type Based on the 3 germinal layers of embryonic development Sport Books Publisher 23  3 Germinal Layers ◼ Endoderm (becomes digestive tract) ◼ Mesoderm (muscle, heart, blood vessels) ◼ Ectoderm (skin, nervous system) Sport Books Publisher 24 Ectomorph ◼ Long, thin fine boned (introverted, thoughtful, inhibited, sensitive) Sport Books Publisher 25 Mesomorph ◼ Square and Muscular (active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive Sport Books Publisher 26 Endomorph ◼ Round and Soft (extroverted, relaxed, comfortable) Sport Books Publisher 27  Adolescence External social pressures for the “ideal” body type Combined with many physical, hormonal, and psychological changes that occur at this time Sport Books Publisher 28  Gender Body Structure Differences Across the Growth & Development Cycle Sport Books Publisher 27  Stature  Refers to a person’s standing height  The distance between the floor and the highest point on the skull  Body length is measured in infants while they are supine Sport Books Publisher 30  Stature cont’d  Little difference in average length between males and females at birth 50.5 cm (boys) vs. 49.9 cm (girls)  By the end of the first year, boys are longer on average 75 cm (boys) vs. 73.1 cm (girls)  After 2 years, stature increases more slowly, until adolescence Sport Books Publisher 31  Stature cont’d The age of onset of the adolescent growth spurt can vary by 3+ years Usually occurs at 10 or 11 years in girls and at 12 or 13 years in boys Boys grow 10cm/year on average Girls grow 8cm/year on average Sport Books Publisher 32  Stature Due to hormonal changes that trigger growth to a peak height by adulthood Peak height achieved by 18 years in boys, on average Peak height achieved by 16.5 years in girls, on average Usually no change in stature after age 30 Sometime after age 45, height begins to decrease due to degeneration of the intervertebral disc Sport Books Publisher 33  Weight Little difference in body weight exists between boys and girls from birth until adolescence Rapid weight gain occurs from birth to 6 months, such that by 5 months, an infant can double its weight since birth (20g/day) Weight gain decelerates during the second year of life Sport Books Publisher 34  Weight Weight gain continues for the next 3 years (approximately 2kg/year or 4.5lbs/year) Slight increase in rate of weight gain per year from 6 years to adolescence (approximately 3kg/year or 6.5lbs/year) Sharp increase in body weight at adolescence Boys gain 20kg (45lbs) on average Girls gain 16kg (35lbs) on average This adolescent weight gain can be attributed to increases in height and changes in body composition Sport Books Publisher 35 Gender Fitness Differences Across the Growth & Development Cycle Sport Books Publisher 34  Cardiorespiratory Fitness Heart Rate: average in children under 6 is 100 bpm by the time of early adulthood the average is 72-75 bpm Stroke Volume: less than adult due to smaller heart size Cardiac output (volume of blood pumped per min.) is less than adult ( recall it is the product of HR x SV= CO) Sport Books Publisher 37 Body Composition Lean body tissue vs. fat (adipose) tissue Fat tissue at birth; males 13 % females 15%; mostly stored in fat cells called adipocytes Increase continues thru growth span Adult 10 to 20% for males and 20 to 32% for women is considered healthy Sport Books Publisher 38 Exercise & Bone Development Positives: Regular exercise tends to increase the diameter and density of bone Increased strength and durability Increased length of non-weight bearing bones such as the arms Negatives: Overuse injuries can be incurred by young children who over-train Too much strain on a bone during a period of growth can lead to “osteochondrosis,” or the de- arrangement of the normal process of bone growth Sport Books Publisher 39 Flexibility Range of motion around joints or series of joints. Flexibility is affected by ligament structure, joint capsule, muscle bulk and type of joints involved Generally decreases with age and inactivity Sport Books Publisher 40 Muscular Strength Differences in muscular strength between the sexes is most apparent after puberty Testosterone is the greatest factor influencing the change On average females are about 70% as strong as males on dynamic strength tests Sport Books Publisher 41  Exercise & Body Composition Active children and teenagers show: ▪ An increase in lean body mass ▪ A decrease in percent body fat ▪ Muscle hypertrophy with exercise Sport Books Publisher 42 WHO IS MORE FIT??? Sport Books Publisher 43 Knowledge Check Sport Books Publisher 44  True or False? The adolescent growth spurt occurs approximately 2 years earlier in girls than in boys? Sport Books Publisher 45  True or False? There is a significant difference between female and male physique prior to puberty. Sport Books Publisher 46  True or False? Within each of the life stages, there is individuality and variability in growth and development within and between genders. Sport Books Publisher 47 Factors Affecting Growth & Development Sport Books Publisher 48  Factors Affecting Growth & Development There is a large degree of variation among individuals, several factors affect growth and development, including: - Heredity - Nutrition - Socioeconomic status - Exercise Sport Books Publisher 49  Heredity Involves the Genetic information that is passed on from generation to generation These genes also are affected by environmental factors For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual from growing to their maximum potential height Sport Books Publisher 50  Nutrition Adequate nutrients are essential for growth & development Carbohydrates and fats are primarily used for energy Proteins contribute to the growth and repair of body tissues, including muscle Vitamins, minerals and water are also essential for various functions and reactions that occur in the body Sport Books Publisher 51  Nutrition Undernourishment or malnutrition can delay growth *Undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies Overeating is also a problem in these countries and can lead to obesity when combined with a sedentary lifestyle Sport Books Publisher 52  Socioeconomic Status Body size is positively related to socioeconomic status and may be related to nutrition That is, socioeconomic status affects: Income (money to spend on food) Education (knowledge about healthy food) Time (food selection and preparation time) Availability (access to stores with healthy food choices) Sport Books Publisher 53  Socioeconomic Status Other factors may contribute to the differences observed in growth & development among individuals: Lower levels of stress; Better sleeping patterns; and Regular exercise These factors are easier to ensure when the basic necessities are met Sport Books Publisher 54  Exercise & Social Development Team sports that stress positive interaction and cooperation facilitate social development in children and teens Alternatively; Pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the development of an active lifestyle and cause stress Sport Books Publisher 55 Perceptual Motor Development Across the Growth & Development Cycle Sport Books Publisher 56 Perceptual Motor Development Across the Growth & Development Cycle The importance of physical education as an integral part of the school curriculum is often overlooked. Some parents discourage physical education and emphasize academics Other parents encourage physical activity pursuits by enrolling their children in organized physical activity programs Sport Books Publisher 57 Perceptual Motor Development Across the Growth & Development Cycle “Perceptual Motor Development”: The use of movement activities to enhance academic or intellectual performance Theory developed by Newell Kephart (neuropsychologist)over 30 years ago. Sport Books Publisher 58  Kephart’s Theory of Perceptual-Motor Development Believed that learning deficiencies resulted from the inability to properly integrate present stimuli with the stored information concerning past stimuli Suggests that participation in basic forms of movement may improve reading and writing skills (Health Body ,Healthy Mind) Sport Books Publisher 59 Other Factors Affecting Motor Development Motivation: involves the will or motive to move and is internally driven. i.e. perceived confidence, being in control, outcome expectations, task value. Fun and Enjoyment: kids drop out of activities when: interests change, not fun, lack playing time, don’t like the coach, pressure to compete, win, train etc. Sport Books Publisher 60 Other Factors Affecting Motor Development cont’d Self esteem: the value we place on ourselves as a person. Self- Concept: perception we have of ourselves. Self Confidence Cycle: the more I do the better I feel. Sport Books Publisher 61 Other Factors Affecting Motor Development cont’d Sociocultural Factors: family background; early exposure to sport and physical activity can help foster social skills. Family: encouragement and helpful rather than pressure to perform. Peers: greatest influence during the adolescent time period Sport Books Publisher 62