Podcast
Questions and Answers
Development refers to a series of changes that can only be for the better.
Development refers to a series of changes that can only be for the better.
False (B)
The developmental age of a child is determined by their chronological age at which most children achieve specific milestones.
The developmental age of a child is determined by their chronological age at which most children achieve specific milestones.
True (A)
Cross-sectional design involves observing the same participants over many years.
Cross-sectional design involves observing the same participants over many years.
False (B)
Normative investigations aim to characterize behaviors typical of a specific developmental stage.
Normative investigations aim to characterize behaviors typical of a specific developmental stage.
Signup and view all the answers
Longitudinal design allows researchers to identify individual differences in participants.
Longitudinal design allows researchers to identify individual differences in participants.
Signup and view all the answers
Children in the concrete operations stage can understand the concept of conservation.
Children in the concrete operations stage can understand the concept of conservation.
Signup and view all the answers
Egocentrism is fully developed in the formal operations stage.
Egocentrism is fully developed in the formal operations stage.
Signup and view all the answers
The ability to think in abstract terms is a feature of the concrete operations stage.
The ability to think in abstract terms is a feature of the concrete operations stage.
Signup and view all the answers
Children can mentally pour liquid back and forth between different shaped containers in the concrete operations stage.
Children can mentally pour liquid back and forth between different shaped containers in the concrete operations stage.
Signup and view all the answers
In the preoperational stage, children can fully see from the perspectives of others.
In the preoperational stage, children can fully see from the perspectives of others.
Signup and view all the answers
A longitudinal design compares different age groups at the same point in time.
A longitudinal design compares different age groups at the same point in time.
Signup and view all the answers
Cohort effects are highly likely to affect the results of a longitudinal study.
Cohort effects are highly likely to affect the results of a longitudinal study.
Signup and view all the answers
The decline in fluid intelligence as we age slows down the processing speed.
The decline in fluid intelligence as we age slows down the processing speed.
Signup and view all the answers
Older adults who engage in high levels of social, physical, and intellectual activities have slower processing speed.
Older adults who engage in high levels of social, physical, and intellectual activities have slower processing speed.
Signup and view all the answers
Remote memory, such as remembering events from childhood, is not affected by age.
Remote memory, such as remembering events from childhood, is not affected by age.
Signup and view all the answers
The recognition test is more affected by age than the free recall test.
The recognition test is more affected by age than the free recall test.
Signup and view all the answers
Older adults are more susceptible to misattribution, which means remembering a fact correctly but connecting it to the wrong source.
Older adults are more susceptible to misattribution, which means remembering a fact correctly but connecting it to the wrong source.
Signup and view all the answers
A lack of organization can be one reason for memory problems in older adults.
A lack of organization can be one reason for memory problems in older adults.
Signup and view all the answers
In Alzheimer's disease, the cerebral cortex shrinks, which affects thinking and planning.
In Alzheimer's disease, the cerebral cortex shrinks, which affects thinking and planning.
Signup and view all the answers
Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to remember events from the last three to five years of life.
Infantile amnesia refers to the inability to remember events from the last three to five years of life.
Signup and view all the answers
Infants display separation anxiety starting at around 8-12 months.
Infants display separation anxiety starting at around 8-12 months.
Signup and view all the answers
About 50% of children display a securely attached style according to the strange situation test.
About 50% of children display a securely attached style according to the strange situation test.
Signup and view all the answers
Insecurely attached avoidant children tend to ignore their mother during her presence.
Insecurely attached avoidant children tend to ignore their mother during her presence.
Signup and view all the answers
Children who are securely attached typically seek contact and comfort upon reunion with their parent.
Children who are securely attached typically seek contact and comfort upon reunion with their parent.
Signup and view all the answers
Insecurely attached ambivalent/resistant children can be comforted immediately upon their parent's return.
Insecurely attached ambivalent/resistant children can be comforted immediately upon their parent's return.
Signup and view all the answers
The emotional relationship between a child and caregiver is known as attachment.
The emotional relationship between a child and caregiver is known as attachment.
Signup and view all the answers
Children categorized as insecurely attached ambivalent are calm upon their parent's return.
Children categorized as insecurely attached ambivalent are calm upon their parent's return.
Signup and view all the answers
A secure attachment in childhood is characterized by a preference for strangers over parents.
A secure attachment in childhood is characterized by a preference for strangers over parents.
Signup and view all the answers
About 10% of children display a disorganized attachment style.
About 10% of children display a disorganized attachment style.
Signup and view all the answers
Adults with avoidant attachment styles often struggle with emotional intimacy.
Adults with avoidant attachment styles often struggle with emotional intimacy.
Signup and view all the answers
Identity achievement is defined as high exploration and low commitment.
Identity achievement is defined as high exploration and low commitment.
Signup and view all the answers
Those with ambivalent attachment in childhood often worry that their partners do not love them as adults.
Those with ambivalent attachment in childhood often worry that their partners do not love them as adults.
Signup and view all the answers
In identity diffusion, individuals neither explore options nor make commitments.
In identity diffusion, individuals neither explore options nor make commitments.
Signup and view all the answers
A positive correlation exists between parent-infant attachment styles and later adult relationship styles.
A positive correlation exists between parent-infant attachment styles and later adult relationship styles.
Signup and view all the answers
Children with avoidant attachment styles often exhibit great distress when separated from their parents.
Children with avoidant attachment styles often exhibit great distress when separated from their parents.
Signup and view all the answers
Identity diffusion occurs when adolescents establish a solid sense of who they are.
Identity diffusion occurs when adolescents establish a solid sense of who they are.
Signup and view all the answers
The red zone is a period when women in their first year of college are at high risk for unwanted sexual experiences.
The red zone is a period when women in their first year of college are at high risk for unwanted sexual experiences.
Signup and view all the answers
During moratorium, an individual does not explore options concerning their identity.
During moratorium, an individual does not explore options concerning their identity.
Signup and view all the answers
One of the reasons for the red zone phenomenon includes the new-found freedom experienced by freshmen.
One of the reasons for the red zone phenomenon includes the new-found freedom experienced by freshmen.
Signup and view all the answers
Desensitization is the first stage of date rape.
Desensitization is the first stage of date rape.
Signup and view all the answers
It is recommended to leave your drink unattended to avoid potential risks at parties.
It is recommended to leave your drink unattended to avoid potential risks at parties.
Signup and view all the answers
Successful identity achievement requires no time and work.
Successful identity achievement requires no time and work.
Signup and view all the answers
Watching out for each other is a recommended way to protect oneself from date rape.
Watching out for each other is a recommended way to protect oneself from date rape.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Human Development
- Development is a series of changes, which can be positive or negative, with trade-offs.
- Development encompasses various domains: intellectual, memory, mental (cognitive) and psychosocial (stages of development).
Terminology
- Chronological age: The number of months or years since birth.
- Developmental age: The chronological age at which most children demonstrate a specific level of physical or mental development, for example, walking without assistance by 12 months.
Research Design
- Longitudinal design: Observing the same participants repeatedly over a period of time (sometimes years). Example: tracking the same individual for locomotion stages.
- Cross-sectional design: Comparing groups of participants of different chronological ages at a single point in time. Example: comparing babies of different ages.
- Advantages of longitudinal design: Researchers can identify individual differences in development and examine the relationships between early and later events and behaviors.
- Disadvantages of longitudinal design: Time-consuming, costly, high dropout rates, and data contamination.
- Advantages of cross-sectional design: Less time-consuming, less costly, doesn't suffer from practice effects.
- Disadvantages of cross-sectional design: Can't determine cause-and-effect relationships; can't determine if an event in early development affects a later event; results can be influenced by cohort effects – differences between groups due to the historical period.
Memory
- Memory is affected by age, even in highly educated individuals.
- Aging doesn't impact memory of general knowledge acquired long ago (semantic memory), nor memory of personal events (episodic memory) that happened long ago.
- Remote memory (long-term memory from the past) is less affected by aging than new memory acquisition (short-term memory).
Aging and Intelligence
- Fluid intelligence (quick problem-solving) declines more with age than crystallized intelligence (past knowledge).
- Older adults experience more impairment in mental tasks that demand quick processing speed.
Social Development
- Adulthood: Important periods for social relationships and accomplishments.
Attachment Styles
- The strange situation test can categorize children's behavior to assess attachment styles.
- Securely attached: Children show distress when the caregiver leaves, seek comfort upon reunion, and return to play.
- Insecurely attached - avoidant: Children display little distress when the caregiver leaves and may avoid contact upon reunion.
- Insecurely attached - ambivalent/resistant: Children are very distressed when the caregiver leaves but may be ambivalent or resistant to comfort upon reunion.
Abusing Parenting Styles
- Disorganized attachment is categorized under abusive parenting.
Middle Adulthood Development
- Generativity: the ability to generate something of value to oneself and others. This may be in the form of work, family or caring for others.
Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Infants interact with environment through senses and motor activities. Key concept: object permanence.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Children use symbolic thinking but lack logical reasoning. Key concept: egocentrism and conservation.
- Concrete operational (7-11 years): Children demonstrate logical reasoning in concrete situations.
- Formal operational (11+ years): Children develop abstract reasoning skills.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
- Erikson's theory describes psychosocial development throughout life (infancy to late adulthood). Each stage is characterized by a specific psychosocial crisis that individuals navigate to achieve a sense of self.
Red Zone
- A period (most commonly the first six to eight weeks of the college semester) when college students are at risk for unwanted sexual experiences.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of human development, including various domains such as cognitive and psychosocial growth. This quiz also covers research design methods like longitudinal and cross-sectional studies and their advantages. Test your understanding of key terminology and concepts!
