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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the interaction between nature and nurture?
Which of the following best describes the interaction between nature and nurture?
The continuity theory suggests that changes in a person's life occur abruptly.
The continuity theory suggests that changes in a person's life occur abruptly.
False
What tends to elicit different responses from caregivers based on an infant's temperament?
What tends to elicit different responses from caregivers based on an infant's temperament?
behavior or characteristics
The __________ theory focuses on the gradual, continuous changes in a person's development.
The __________ theory focuses on the gradual, continuous changes in a person's development.
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Which of the following behaviors is likely to produce specific responses from others due to social expectations?
Which of the following behaviors is likely to produce specific responses from others due to social expectations?
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Discontinuity theory views changes in development as quantitative.
Discontinuity theory views changes in development as quantitative.
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What do individual differences in behavior, such as aggression and temperament, help determine?
What do individual differences in behavior, such as aggression and temperament, help determine?
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What does the 'nature' aspect of human development emphasize?
What does the 'nature' aspect of human development emphasize?
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The 'nurture' perspective suggests that behavior is primarily shaped by genetics and biology.
The 'nurture' perspective suggests that behavior is primarily shaped by genetics and biology.
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Name one of the three main issues in human development.
Name one of the three main issues in human development.
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According to the nature perspective, behavior is determined by __________ characteristics.
According to the nature perspective, behavior is determined by __________ characteristics.
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Match the following theories/concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following theories/concepts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes the 'nurture' perspective?
Which of the following best describes the 'nurture' perspective?
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Hereditary factors only play a minor role in shaping an individual's behavior.
Hereditary factors only play a minor role in shaping an individual's behavior.
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In development, the concept of __________ versus __________ examines whether changes are gradual or abrupt.
In development, the concept of __________ versus __________ examines whether changes are gradual or abrupt.
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What does the field of fetal origins focus on?
What does the field of fetal origins focus on?
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The nutrition and environmental factors experienced in the womb have no impact on a person's future health.
The nutrition and environmental factors experienced in the womb have no impact on a person's future health.
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List three factors that can influence a fetus's health.
List three factors that can influence a fetus's health.
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Research on fetal origins suggests that gestation is the most ______ period of our lives.
Research on fetal origins suggests that gestation is the most ______ period of our lives.
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Which of the following health issues has been associated with fetal origins research?
Which of the following health issues has been associated with fetal origins research?
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Match the following health conditions with their potential fetal origins:
Match the following health conditions with their potential fetal origins:
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Expectant mothers are encouraged to be stressed to ensure healthy fetal development.
Expectant mothers are encouraged to be stressed to ensure healthy fetal development.
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What recent initiative was launched by the National Institutes of Health regarding fetal health?
What recent initiative was launched by the National Institutes of Health regarding fetal health?
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Which of the following statements best represents the theory of development?
Which of the following statements best represents the theory of development?
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The stability-change debate in psychology suggests that personality traits remain constant throughout a person's life.
The stability-change debate in psychology suggests that personality traits remain constant throughout a person's life.
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Who was one of the first psychologists to emphasize the critical nature of early experiences in personality development?
Who was one of the first psychologists to emphasize the critical nature of early experiences in personality development?
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The stability-change debate is one of the fundamental questions in developmental psychology along with _____ vs. _____
The stability-change debate is one of the fundamental questions in developmental psychology along with _____ vs. _____
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What do change theorists argue about personality development?
What do change theorists argue about personality development?
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Cross-sectional studies are commonly used to research the stability versus change debate.
Cross-sectional studies are commonly used to research the stability versus change debate.
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What might influence a naturally extroverted and talkative baby to become less outgoing as an adult?
What might influence a naturally extroverted and talkative baby to become less outgoing as an adult?
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Study Notes
Human Development Issues
- Individuals have diverse perspectives on human development.
- Paradigms of human development, while lacking in formal rigor, provide a conceptual framework for understanding self and others.
- Scholars develop models of human development supported by research.
Three Key Issues in Development
- Nature vs. Nurture: The extent to which behavior is determined by genetics/biology (nature) or learned experiences from interactions with the environment (nurture).
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Whether development is a smooth, gradual process (continuity) or occurs in distinct stages (discontinuity).
- Stability vs. Change: Whether personality traits present in infancy persist throughout life (stability) or change (change).
Nature vs. Nurture
- Nature: Behaviors are innate, influenced by inherent physiological/biological characteristics present at birth. A determinist view suggests all behavior is determined by hereditary factors (inherited characteristics or genetic makeup). All possible behaviors are present from conception. Genes supply the blueprint for behavior - some present at birth, others emerge with age.
- Nature is a developmental approach, exemplified by Piaget's theory where children's thought processes change in predetermined age-related stages.
- Nurture: Behavior is determined by the environment (things people teach, things observed, and situations). A determinist perspective suggests all behavior is a result of interactions with the environment. Behaviorist theories reinforce this view, suggesting behaviors are shaped by interactions with the environment, where individuals are born as "empty vessels" waiting to be filled. External factors, rather than genes, play a determining role.
Nature and Nurture Interaction
- Behavior often results from an interplay of nature and nurture.
- Individual characteristics can elicit specific responses from others (e.g., temperament, perceived gender).
- Aggression, for example, triggers particular responses from others in social contexts.
Supporting Approaches and Perspectives
- Supporting nature: Physiological factors, individual differences, developmental influences.
- Supporting nurture: Social aspects (e.g., helping behavior), behavioral influences.
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
- Continuity and discontinuity compete in explaining how people change over time.
- Continuity: Implies smooth, ongoing changes.
- Discontinuity: Suggests abrupt, stage-specific changes.
- Qualitative changes in behavior characterize developmental stages.
Is Child Development Continuous or Discontinuous?
- It is not universally agreed that development is continuous. Some suggest development involves distinct stages with different behaviors at each stage.
Developmental Theory
- Developmental stage theories divide development into distinct stages characterized by qualitative behavioral differences.
- Various perspectives exist on how psychological and physical development unfold throughout a lifespan.
Stability vs. Change
- Examines if traits present in infancy persist throughout life.
- Individuals' earliest characteristics (temperament/personality) persist.
- Research often uses cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to understand developmental stability.
- Change theorists argue that personality is modified by interactions with family, experiences at school, and acculturation. Studies of children often reveal aspects of stability (e.g., attachment to parents, personality) throughout time.
Early Experiences and Adult Personality
- Freud emphasized the importance of early experiences in shaping later development and adult personality.
- Psychoanalysts believe that personality traits, developed in the first five years, predict adult personality.
Fetal Origins
- Fetal development significantly shapes a person's future health and well-being.
- Nutrition, pollutants, drugs, infections during gestation affect the individual's future.
- Research has found connections between fetal exposures and disorders, impacting health in adult life.
- Understanding fetal origins is prompting revolutionary shifts in thinking about human development.
- Potential for preventative interventions before birth.
- Research from National Institutes of Health highlights promising interventions.
Pregnant Woman and Fetal Development
- Women now understand that choices during pregnancy impact the fetus.
- This awareness is often present in doctors' office visits and pregnancy references.
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Description
Explore the diverse perspectives and paradigms surrounding human development. This quiz delves into the key issues of nature vs. nurture, continuity vs. discontinuity, and stability vs. change, providing a framework for understanding self and others. Test your knowledge on the models and theories that shape our understanding of development.
