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Questions and Answers
When Micah first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called:
When Micah first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called:
- Vermis
- Meconium
- Lanugo (correct)
- Follicle caseosa
An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to:
An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to:
- Hypothermia
- Oxidation
- Hyperphagia
- Anoxia (correct)
Which of the following statements about newborns is correct?
Which of the following statements about newborns is correct?
- Newborns are covered with a protective film called meconium.
- Newborns normally do not begin to breathe until 2 or 3 minutes after birth.
- Newborns possess a strong sucking reflex. (correct)
- Newborns have a slow, regular heartbeat.
Since the infant’s lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as adults do, they are susceptible to __________ problems.
Since the infant’s lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as adults do, they are susceptible to __________ problems.
If a newborn does not start breathing within about five minutes, brain injury may occur due to:
If a newborn does not start breathing within about five minutes, brain injury may occur due to:
The stringy, greenish-black waste from a newborn is known as:
The stringy, greenish-black waste from a newborn is known as:
What is the most common practice in the United States regarding a newborn’s sleeping arrangements?
What is the most common practice in the United States regarding a newborn’s sleeping arrangements?
A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.
A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.
The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is:
The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is:
Which of the following words best describes the focus of the study of human development?
Which of the following words best describes the focus of the study of human development?
Life-span studies are based on which of the following ideas?
Life-span studies are based on which of the following ideas?
Which of the following is an example of qualitative change in human development?
Which of the following is an example of qualitative change in human development?
Change and stability in mental abilities would constitute which type of development?
Change and stability in mental abilities would constitute which type of development?
Which type of development would be most involved in the growth of body and brain?
Which type of development would be most involved in the growth of body and brain?
Who was one of the first psychologists to become interested in the study of aging?
Who was one of the first psychologists to become interested in the study of aging?
According to your text, the existence of the period of adolescence in many industrialized societies is an example of?
According to your text, the existence of the period of adolescence in many industrialized societies is an example of?
What developmental period is characterized by Shayla's dependence on adults to meet her basic needs?
What developmental period is characterized by Shayla's dependence on adults to meet her basic needs?
What are the landmarks in human development, such as the first word and the first step, referred to as?
What are the landmarks in human development, such as the first word and the first step, referred to as?
Becoming introspective and searching for meaning in life is characteristic of which developmental stage?
Becoming introspective and searching for meaning in life is characteristic of which developmental stage?
During which developmental period do children begin to regulate their own behavior?
During which developmental period do children begin to regulate their own behavior?
Which factor is probably the most difficult obstacle in assimilating Americans into the dominant culture?
Which factor is probably the most difficult obstacle in assimilating Americans into the dominant culture?
A specific time when a given event has the greatest impact on development is called a(n) __________ period.
A specific time when a given event has the greatest impact on development is called a(n) __________ period.
Most deaf children are born to __________ parents.
Most deaf children are born to __________ parents.
Learning a second language seems to have a(n) __________ period, just like learning a first language does.
Learning a second language seems to have a(n) __________ period, just like learning a first language does.
Which of the following could be a result of marijuana use during pregnancy?
Which of the following could be a result of marijuana use during pregnancy?
Which substance is much more damaging to a fetus than alcohol?
Which substance is much more damaging to a fetus than alcohol?
Which of the following is not an opiate?
Which of the following is not an opiate?
Which prenatal test may be useful for detecting genetic defects in embryos conceived by in vitro fertilization?
Which prenatal test may be useful for detecting genetic defects in embryos conceived by in vitro fertilization?
Which paternal behavior increases the risk of cancer in children?
Which paternal behavior increases the risk of cancer in children?
Which procedure involves taking a sample of fluid from around the fetus?
Which procedure involves taking a sample of fluid from around the fetus?
What is the first stage of childbirth characterized by?
What is the first stage of childbirth characterized by?
What is the average weight of a newborn?
What is the average weight of a newborn?
Which stage of childbirth is indicated by the emergence of the baby from the mother’s body?
Which stage of childbirth is indicated by the emergence of the baby from the mother’s body?
What is the condition called where newborns tend to lose up to 10 percent of their body weight?
What is the condition called where newborns tend to lose up to 10 percent of their body weight?
Most babies start to sleep through the night at about 6 weeks.
Most babies start to sleep through the night at about 6 weeks.
Normative age-graded influences include all of the following except?
Normative age-graded influences include all of the following except?
Which of the following is not one of the principles of life-span development identified by Baltes (1987)?
Which of the following is not one of the principles of life-span development identified by Baltes (1987)?
Which is not an example of the redistribution of resources as a person develops?
Which is not an example of the redistribution of resources as a person develops?
Which researcher studied the effect of income loss and economic hardship on families in the 1930s and the 1980s?
Which researcher studied the effect of income loss and economic hardship on families in the 1930s and the 1980s?
Allocating resources often changes as a person develops.
Allocating resources often changes as a person develops.
What is a group of people who share a similar experience common to all its members called?
What is a group of people who share a similar experience common to all its members called?
Cohort differences are primarily due to?
Cohort differences are primarily due to?
Your cohort would include your?
Your cohort would include your?
Which of the following are members of the same cohort?
Which of the following are members of the same cohort?
Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?
Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?
Statistically speaking, who would be least likely to give birth to identical twins?
Statistically speaking, who would be least likely to give birth to identical twins?
Ovulation refers to?
Ovulation refers to?
The sex cells—ova and sperm—are called ________ and the fertilized ovum are called ________.
The sex cells—ova and sperm—are called ________ and the fertilized ovum are called ________.
How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?
How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?
The chromosomes that do not determine sex are called?
The chromosomes that do not determine sex are called?
When neither of two alleles is dominant, the resulting trait reflects the influence of both. This is called?
When neither of two alleles is dominant, the resulting trait reflects the influence of both. This is called?
If only one parent carries the faulty gene, the chance of a child being affected is:
If only one parent carries the faulty gene, the chance of a child being affected is:
Joan suffers from which of the following conditions?
Joan suffers from which of the following conditions?
The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is:
The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is:
Emanuel's friend Natalie has a child with Down syndrome. What might he tell her about the child's future?
Emanuel's friend Natalie has a child with Down syndrome. What might he tell her about the child's future?
Which of the following statements about Down syndrome is true?
Which of the following statements about Down syndrome is true?
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is:
A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is:
The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is:
The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is:
Monochorionic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dichorionic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels.
Monochorionic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dichorionic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels.
Your temperament seems primarily determined by:
Your temperament seems primarily determined by:
A fertilized ovum is also called a(n):
A fertilized ovum is also called a(n):
Which of the following physiological traits are determined primarily by heredity rather than by an interaction between heredity and environment?
Which of the following physiological traits are determined primarily by heredity rather than by an interaction between heredity and environment?
Which family would have the least need for genetic counseling?
Which family would have the least need for genetic counseling?
A statistical estimate of how great a contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait is referred to as:
A statistical estimate of how great a contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait is referred to as:
Which statement about boldness and shyness is true?
Which statement about boldness and shyness is true?
In studying intelligence, researchers found that:
In studying intelligence, researchers found that:
Studies done on 100 pairs of 7-year-old siblings found significant genetic influences in all but one of the following traits:
Studies done on 100 pairs of 7-year-old siblings found significant genetic influences in all but one of the following traits:
Which of the following psychopathologies does not seem to have a strong heredity influence?
Which of the following psychopathologies does not seem to have a strong heredity influence?
Which of the following cell groups will become the outer layer of skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system?
Which of the following cell groups will become the outer layer of skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system?
Which of the following has not been mentioned as an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia?
Which of the following has not been mentioned as an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia?
A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component is?
A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component is?
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between which pairs?
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between which pairs?
A couple has a 2-year-old son who has never been very responsive to social stimulation, shows little language development, and engages in repetitive behaviors. A probable diagnosis for this child is?
A couple has a 2-year-old son who has never been very responsive to social stimulation, shows little language development, and engages in repetitive behaviors. A probable diagnosis for this child is?
Michael, a 3-year-old boy, has recently been diagnosed with autism. Developmental expectations for Michael may include all of the following except?
Michael, a 3-year-old boy, has recently been diagnosed with autism. Developmental expectations for Michael may include all of the following except?
All but which of the following has been discussed as a reason for autism?
All but which of the following has been discussed as a reason for autism?
The __________ refers to a thickened mass of cells on the blastocyst from which the baby will develop.
The __________ refers to a thickened mass of cells on the blastocyst from which the baby will develop.
A pregnant woman feels movement known as quickening at about which month?
A pregnant woman feels movement known as quickening at about which month?
Which of the following is not a function of the placenta?
Which of the following is not a function of the placenta?
The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the?
The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the?
The __________ refers to the outer cell layer of the blastocyst which produces threadlike projections that enable the blastocyst to burrow into the uterine wall.
The __________ refers to the outer cell layer of the blastocyst which produces threadlike projections that enable the blastocyst to burrow into the uterine wall.
During which stage do the major body systems and organs develop?
During which stage do the major body systems and organs develop?
At what stage of gestation would exposure of the unborn baby to alcohol be the most damaging?
At what stage of gestation would exposure of the unborn baby to alcohol be the most damaging?
An unborn baby is most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and is also more vulnerable to suffer a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion during which stage?
An unborn baby is most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and is also more vulnerable to suffer a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion during which stage?
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by?
Miscarriages are most commonly caused by?
Which of the following statements about developmental differences between the sexes is true?
Which of the following statements about developmental differences between the sexes is true?
Which of the following stands the greatest risk of being spontaneously aborted or being born stillborn?
Which of the following stands the greatest risk of being spontaneously aborted or being born stillborn?
That male fetuses have been found to be more active and to move more vigorously throughout gestation has been detected by?
That male fetuses have been found to be more active and to move more vigorously throughout gestation has been detected by?
Which of the following behaviors cannot be observed in fetuses vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother?
Which of the following behaviors cannot be observed in fetuses vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother?
The transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development is the result of the first appearance of?
The transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development is the result of the first appearance of?
Which of the following statements regarding the fetal stage of development is false?
Which of the following statements regarding the fetal stage of development is false?
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called?
Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called?
Women who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are?
Women who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are?
Approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy?
Approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy?
Which of the following statements about prenatal nourishment is not true?
Which of the following statements about prenatal nourishment is not true?
Use of alcohol during pregnancy?
Use of alcohol during pregnancy?
A baby born with cognitive disabilities, heart problems, and facial and limb deformities probably had a mother who engaged in __________ during her pregnancy.
A baby born with cognitive disabilities, heart problems, and facial and limb deformities probably had a mother who engaged in __________ during her pregnancy.
Moderate to heavy drinking during pregnancy may harm the fetus. Which of the following is not known to be an effect of alcohol on the developing fetus?
Moderate to heavy drinking during pregnancy may harm the fetus. Which of the following is not known to be an effect of alcohol on the developing fetus?
Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show?
Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show?
Generalizing from the text, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are at a higher than normal risk for?
Generalizing from the text, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are at a higher than normal risk for?
A child is born shorter and lighter, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be a colicky baby. The substance the mother probably abused is?
A child is born shorter and lighter, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be a colicky baby. The substance the mother probably abused is?
A problem in studying the effects of tobacco smoking during pregnancy is that?
A problem in studying the effects of tobacco smoking during pregnancy is that?
Accord to the text, marijuana use alone during pregnancy increased the prevalence of?
Accord to the text, marijuana use alone during pregnancy increased the prevalence of?
Which of the following may be a problem associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Which of the following may be a problem associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?
Flashcards
Human Development
Human Development
Study of how humans change, grow, and interact throughout their lives.
Focus of Human Development Study
Focus of Human Development Study
Focuses on changes, descriptions, and relationships in human development.
Life-Span Studies
Life-Span Studies
Emphasizes how early experiences influence later development.
Qualitative Change
Qualitative Change
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Quantitative Change
Quantitative Change
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Infancy
Infancy
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Adolescence
Adolescence
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Young Adulthood
Young Adulthood
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Socioeconomic Status
Socioeconomic Status
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Cultural Context
Cultural Context
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Normative Influences
Normative Influences
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Nonnormative Influences
Nonnormative Influences
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Critical Periods
Critical Periods
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Generation
Generation
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Cohort Differences
Cohort Differences
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Personal Cohorts
Personal Cohorts
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Zygote
Zygote
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Ovulation
Ovulation
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Autosomes
Autosomes
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Gametes
Gametes
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Genetic Traits
Genetic Traits
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Recessive Trait
Recessive Trait
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Dominant Inheritance Disorder
Dominant Inheritance Disorder
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Genetic Science
Genetic Science
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Phenotype
Phenotype
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Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
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Turner Syndrome
Turner Syndrome
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Karyotype
Karyotype
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Heritability
Heritability
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Niche-picking
Niche-picking
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Canalization
Canalization
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Study Notes
Human Development Basics
- Focus of human development study centers on change, description, and relationships.
- Life-span studies emphasize the influence of earlier life events on later development.
- Child development gained momentum with child protection laws, scientific discussions, and studies on social contact importance.
Key Concepts in Development
- Qualitative Change: Refers to development characterized by new skills or strategies, like language acquisition or improved memory.
- Quantitative Change: Involves measurable increases, such as weight gain or height growth during development.
Developmental Periods and Influences
- Infancy: Basic needs for food, clothing, and social bonding are crucial.
- Adolescence: Characterized by identity exploration and transition from childhood.
- Young Adulthood: Most individuals complete education, gain independence, and start families.
Social and Environmental Impact
- Socioeconomic status affects development through factors like income, education, and ethnicity.
- Cultural context shapes individual development experiences; children born in different countries will have unique developmental paths.
- Events occurring at typical or atypical times significantly influence life experiences.
Terms to Know
- Normative Influences: Events that affect individuals in similar ways based on age (e.g., starting school).
- Nonnormative Influences: Unusual events impacting personal development.
- Critical Periods: Specific times when certain experiences have heightened effects on development (e.g., language acquisition in early childhood).
Research and Development
- Findings from various studies on aging and child development provide insights into longer-term developmental changes.
- Early strategies influencing development can lead to significant changes later in life.
- Understanding cross-cultural research helps establish norms and recognize cultural impacts on development.
Baltes Principles of Development
- Lifelong Development: Development is a continuous process.
- Historical Context: Development is shaped by the era one lives in.
- Plasticity: Individuals can adapt and change over time in response to experiences.
Conclusion
- Development has numerous interacting factors, including genetic, environmental, and social influences.
- Parenting practices, community resources, and experiences contribute significantly to shaping individual life courses.### Cohorts and Generational Studies
- A generation refers to all members of a cohort sharing similar experiences or historical contexts.
- Cohort differences stem from shared experiences affecting a generation rather than geographical separation or family history.
- Personal cohorts include individuals with whom one shares significant life experiences, such as schoolmates.
Family and Socioeconomic Influences
- In the Oakland Growth Study, factors such as parents' economic stress were found not to significantly impact children's lives during the Great Depression.
- The study indicated that while adolescent children experienced developmental difficulties, alcohol use by fathers during this time remained negligible.
Genetics and Reproductive Biology
- A zygote forms when a sperm and an egg unite, officially termed fertilization.
- Ovulation is the process of releasing an ovum from the ovary, essential for reproduction.
- The chances of fraternal twins arise from factors like age and ethnicity, with variations among groups, such as African-American women having higher probabilities.
Growth and Development
- The human genome project aimed to map gene expression and provide critical DNA data for medical research.
- Genetic scientists study interactions between environmental influences and genetic predispositions impacting development.
- Chromosomes unrelated to sex are referred to as autosomes, while sex cells are designated gametes, and their fertilized form is known as a zygote.
Heredity and Genetic Traits
- Genetic characteristics can be dominant or recessive, with recessive traits appearing only when two copies are present.
- Polygenic inheritance plays a significant role in complex traits influenced by multiple genes.
- Environmental conditions can lead to mutations in genetic material, altering inherited characteristics.
Genetic Disorders and Health Implications
- Disorders such as Huntington’s disease follow dominant inheritance patterns, whereas conditions like Tay-Sachs and sickle-cell anemia result from multifactorial influences.
- Chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes cause specific health issues based on structural differences in chromosomes.
- Most individuals with Down syndrome function to some extent in society, though they may require varying levels of support throughout life.
Prenatal Development and Differentiation
- Sexual differentiation occurs in embryos during the early weeks of pregnancy, which is more complex than previously understood.
- Traits like albinism can manifest when recessive alleles are present without being expressed in parents.
Birth Defects and Maternal Influence
- Infants may be born with sex-linked disorders predominantly affecting males, as they are typically inherited from carrier mothers.
- Genetic counseling is vital for parents with a history of hereditary conditions to assess risks for future children.### Genetic Concepts and Disorders
- Phenotype refers to observable physical traits influenced by genetics and environment.
- Down Syndrome is often a result of an extra chromosome, leading to moderate-to-severe mental retardation. It can be influenced by increased parental age.
- Turner Syndrome in girls arises from a missing X chromosome. Outcomes may vary depending on whether the X is inherited from the mother or father, demonstrating genetic imprinting.
- Karyotype analysis reveals chromosomal abnormalities often associated with disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.
Genetic Counseling and Family History
- Families with a history of genetic defects have greater needs for genetic counseling (e.g., those with children who have genetic disorders).
- Adoption studies assess the role of environment versus genetics in traits like intelligence, revealing that both significantly contribute to traits.
Heritability and Environmental Influences
- Heritability estimates the genetic contribution to traits. Traits with high heritability are less affected by environment.
- Niche-picking reflects how individuals may select environments that reinforce their genetic tendencies.
- Canalization describes how certain traits are strongly influenced by genetics and resistant to environmental variations.
Intelligence and Developmental Traits
- Intelligence is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions, with studies showing varying degrees of effects at different ages.
- Traits such as eye color exhibit clear heritability, while complex traits like intelligence show interactions between heredity and environment.
Prenatal Development and Inheritance
- The zygote is the fertilized egg, which undergoes cell division and implants in the uterus during the germinal stage.
- Cephalocaudal development describes growth that occurs from head to toe, affecting physical development in utero.
- Prenatal exposure to substances like alcohol poses risks, particularly during the embryonic stage when major systems develop.
Psychological and Behavioral Traits
- Boldness and shyness in children appear to have both genetic and environmental influences.
- Temperament can be identified early in life, suggesting genetic underpinnings.
Miscellaneous Genetic Insights
- Certain psychopathologies, such as schizophrenia, show high concordance rates in monozygotic twins, indicating a strong genetic component.
- The placenta plays a critical role in pregnancy, but it does not directly affect lactation.
Risks and Health During Pregnancy
- Factors such as maternal age and health can influence the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth.
- Miscarriage is commonly caused by chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing the importance of genetic health prior to conception.
These notes encapsulate key genetic concepts and their implications for development, health, and counseling related to hereditary traits.
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Description
Explore the fundamental aspects of human development, focusing on the significance of change, description, and relationships. This quiz delves into life-span studies, the impact of earlier life events, and the evolution of child development through laws and research.
