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Human Development Basics
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Human Development Basics

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@AdventurousAltoFlute

Questions and Answers

When Micah first sees his newborn daughter, he is surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy coat is called:

  • Vermis
  • Meconium
  • Lanugo (correct)
  • Follicle caseosa

    • An infant who has not begun breathing within 5 minutes after birth may suffer brain damage due to:

  • Hypothermia
  • Oxidation
  • Hyperphagia
  • Anoxia (correct)

    • Which of the following statements about newborns is correct?

  • Newborns are covered with a protective film called meconium.
  • Newborns normally do not begin to breathe until 2 or 3 minutes after birth.
  • Newborns possess a strong sucking reflex. (correct)
  • Newborns have a slow, regular heartbeat.

    • Since the infant’s lungs have only one-tenth as many air sacs as adults do, they are susceptible to __________ problems.

    <p>respiratory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a newborn does not start breathing within about five minutes, brain injury may occur due to:

    <p>Anoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stringy, greenish-black waste from a newborn is known as:

    <p>Meconium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common practice in the United States regarding a newborn’s sleeping arrangements?

    <p>Same room/separate bed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of __________ on the Apgar scale.

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is:

    <p>Critical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following words best describes the focus of the study of human development?

    <p>Change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Life-span studies are based on which of the following ideas?

    <p>Every portion of the lifespan is influenced by earlier events and will in turn affect later events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of qualitative change in human development?

    <p>Barbara has learned two new words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Change and stability in mental abilities would constitute which type of development?

    <p>Cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of development would be most involved in the growth of body and brain?

    <p>Physical development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the first psychologists to become interested in the study of aging?

    <p>G. Stanley Hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to your text, the existence of the period of adolescence in many industrialized societies is an example of?

    <p>Social constructivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental period is characterized by Shayla's dependence on adults to meet her basic needs?

    <p>Infancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the landmarks in human development, such as the first word and the first step, referred to as?

    <p>Milestones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Becoming introspective and searching for meaning in life is characteristic of which developmental stage?

    <p>Young adulthood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which developmental period do children begin to regulate their own behavior?

    <p>Early childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is probably the most difficult obstacle in assimilating Americans into the dominant culture?

    <p>Discrimination and prejudice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A specific time when a given event has the greatest impact on development is called a(n) __________ period.

    <p>Critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most deaf children are born to __________ parents.

    <p>Hearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learning a second language seems to have a(n) __________ period, just like learning a first language does.

    <p>Critical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following could be a result of marijuana use during pregnancy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is much more damaging to a fetus than alcohol?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an opiate?

    <p>Marijuana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prenatal test may be useful for detecting genetic defects in embryos conceived by in vitro fertilization?

    <p>Preimplantation genetic diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which paternal behavior increases the risk of cancer in children?

    <p>Smoking cigarettes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves taking a sample of fluid from around the fetus?

    <p>Amniocentesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of childbirth characterized by?

    <p>Dilation of the cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight of a newborn?

    <p>7.5 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of childbirth is indicated by the emergence of the baby from the mother’s body?

    <p>Second stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called where newborns tend to lose up to 10 percent of their body weight?

    <p>Normal adjustment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most babies start to sleep through the night at about 6 weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normative age-graded influences include all of the following except?

    <p>War and famine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of the principles of life-span development identified by Baltes (1987)?

    <p>Development ends with childhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not an example of the redistribution of resources as a person develops?

    <p>The availability of resources increases over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which researcher studied the effect of income loss and economic hardship on families in the 1930s and the 1980s?

    <p>Elder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Allocating resources often changes as a person develops.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a group of people who share a similar experience common to all its members called?

    <p>cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohort differences are primarily due to?

    <p>Experiences affecting a generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your cohort would include your?

    <p>Schoolmates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are members of the same cohort?

    <p>A veteran of the Gulf War and a veteran of the Vietnam War</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which woman would you inform has the highest chance of giving birth to fraternal twins?

    <p>An African-American woman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Statistically speaking, who would be least likely to give birth to identical twins?

    <p>A 19-year-old Japanese woman who is pregnant for the first time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ovulation refers to?

    <p>The expulsion of an ovum from the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sex cells—ova and sperm—are called ________ and the fertilized ovum are called ________.

    <p>gametes; zygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of chromosomes does the normal human being have?

    <p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chromosomes that do not determine sex are called?

    <p>Autosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When neither of two alleles is dominant, the resulting trait reflects the influence of both. This is called?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If only one parent carries the faulty gene, the chance of a child being affected is:

    <p>Less than if only one parent carried the faulty gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joan suffers from which of the following conditions?

    <p>Cystic fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common chromosomal abnormality that takes place in the autosomes is:

    <p>Down syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emanuel's friend Natalie has a child with Down syndrome. What might he tell her about the child's future?

    <p>Although the child will be retarded, she can learn useful skills to support herself as an adult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Down syndrome is true?

    <p>It is the cause of about one-third of all cases of moderate-to-severe mental retardation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A factor that increases the probability of having a baby with Down syndrome is:

    <p>Increased age of mother or father</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most frequently stated cause for Down syndrome is:

    <p>An accident in chromosome distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Monochorionic twins tend to be __________ concordant than dichorionic twins in IQ, certain personality patterns and cholesterol levels.

    <p>More</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Your temperament seems primarily determined by:

    <p>The age of your parents when you were conceived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fertilized ovum is also called a(n):

    <p>Zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physiological traits are determined primarily by heredity rather than by an interaction between heredity and environment?

    <p>Facial structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family would have the least need for genetic counseling?

    <p>One who suffers from conditions suspected to be inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A statistical estimate of how great a contribution heredity makes toward individual differences in a specific trait is referred to as:

    <p>Heritability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about boldness and shyness is true?

    <p>They are largely inborn and tend to stay with a person throughout life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In studying intelligence, researchers found that:

    <p>Younger children show greater environmental effects, but these may diminish later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Studies done on 100 pairs of 7-year-old siblings found significant genetic influences in all but one of the following traits:

    <p>Stubbornness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following psychopathologies does not seem to have a strong heredity influence?

    <p>Anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cell groups will become the outer layer of skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has not been mentioned as an indicator for the risk of schizophrenia?

    <p>Babies born in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A psychological disorder marked by loss of contact with reality and demonstrating such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, which also seems to have a strong genetic component is?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between which pairs?

    <p>Members of monozygotic twin pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A couple has a 2-year-old son who has never been very responsive to social stimulation, shows little language development, and engages in repetitive behaviors. A probable diagnosis for this child is?

    <p>Autism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Michael, a 3-year-old boy, has recently been diagnosed with autism. Developmental expectations for Michael may include all of the following except?

    <p>He may be taught to read, write, and speak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All but which of the following has been discussed as a reason for autism?

    <p>Lack of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine soon after birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ refers to a thickened mass of cells on the blastocyst from which the baby will develop.

    <p>Embryonic disk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A pregnant woman feels movement known as quickening at about which month?

    <p>Second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of the placenta?

    <p>Produces hormones that stimulate lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is the?

    <p>Amniotic sac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ refers to the outer cell layer of the blastocyst which produces threadlike projections that enable the blastocyst to burrow into the uterine wall.

    <p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do the major body systems and organs develop?

    <p>Embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage of gestation would exposure of the unborn baby to alcohol be the most damaging?

    <p>Embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unborn baby is most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences and is also more vulnerable to suffer a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion during which stage?

    <p>Embryonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miscarriages are most commonly caused by?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about developmental differences between the sexes is true?

    <p>Female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stands the greatest risk of being spontaneously aborted or being born stillborn?

    <p>A male</p> Signup and view all the answers

    That male fetuses have been found to be more active and to move more vigorously throughout gestation has been detected by?

    <p>Ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors cannot be observed in fetuses vulnerable to drugs taken by the mother?

    <p>Preference for father’s voices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development is the result of the first appearance of?

    <p>Bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the fetal stage of development is false?

    <p>Boys develop more rapidly than girls during this stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called?

    <p>Teratogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are?

    <p>More likely to have low-birthweight babies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many extra calories should a woman consume each day during pregnancy?

    <p>300-500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about prenatal nourishment is not true?

    <p>Damage due to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is irreversible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use of alcohol during pregnancy?

    <p>Should be avoided</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A baby born with cognitive disabilities, heart problems, and facial and limb deformities probably had a mother who engaged in __________ during her pregnancy.

    <p>Heavy drinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Moderate to heavy drinking during pregnancy may harm the fetus. Which of the following is not known to be an effect of alcohol on the developing fetus?

    <p>They are at higher risk of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show?

    <p>All were demonstrated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Generalizing from the text, children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy are at a higher than normal risk for?

    <p>Hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child is born shorter and lighter, has poor respiratory functioning, and tends to be a colicky baby. The substance the mother probably abused is?

    <p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A problem in studying the effects of tobacco smoking during pregnancy is that?

    <p>It is difficult to separate effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Accord to the text, marijuana use alone during pregnancy increased the prevalence of?

    <p>Sudden infant death syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be a problem associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy?

    <p>Increased fetal activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Development Basics

    • Focus of human development study centers on change, description, and relationships.
    • Life-span studies emphasize the influence of earlier life events on later development.
    • Child development gained momentum with child protection laws, scientific discussions, and studies on social contact importance.

    Key Concepts in Development

    • Qualitative Change: Refers to development characterized by new skills or strategies, like language acquisition or improved memory.
    • Quantitative Change: Involves measurable increases, such as weight gain or height growth during development.

    Developmental Periods and Influences

    • Infancy: Basic needs for food, clothing, and social bonding are crucial.
    • Adolescence: Characterized by identity exploration and transition from childhood.
    • Young Adulthood: Most individuals complete education, gain independence, and start families.

    Social and Environmental Impact

    • Socioeconomic status affects development through factors like income, education, and ethnicity.
    • Cultural context shapes individual development experiences; children born in different countries will have unique developmental paths.
    • Events occurring at typical or atypical times significantly influence life experiences.

    Terms to Know

    • Normative Influences: Events that affect individuals in similar ways based on age (e.g., starting school).
    • Nonnormative Influences: Unusual events impacting personal development.
    • Critical Periods: Specific times when certain experiences have heightened effects on development (e.g., language acquisition in early childhood).

    Research and Development

    • Findings from various studies on aging and child development provide insights into longer-term developmental changes.
    • Early strategies influencing development can lead to significant changes later in life.
    • Understanding cross-cultural research helps establish norms and recognize cultural impacts on development.

    Baltes Principles of Development

    • Lifelong Development: Development is a continuous process.
    • Historical Context: Development is shaped by the era one lives in.
    • Plasticity: Individuals can adapt and change over time in response to experiences.

    Conclusion

    • Development has numerous interacting factors, including genetic, environmental, and social influences.
    • Parenting practices, community resources, and experiences contribute significantly to shaping individual life courses.### Cohorts and Generational Studies
    • A generation refers to all members of a cohort sharing similar experiences or historical contexts.
    • Cohort differences stem from shared experiences affecting a generation rather than geographical separation or family history.
    • Personal cohorts include individuals with whom one shares significant life experiences, such as schoolmates.

    Family and Socioeconomic Influences

    • In the Oakland Growth Study, factors such as parents' economic stress were found not to significantly impact children's lives during the Great Depression.
    • The study indicated that while adolescent children experienced developmental difficulties, alcohol use by fathers during this time remained negligible.

    Genetics and Reproductive Biology

    • A zygote forms when a sperm and an egg unite, officially termed fertilization.
    • Ovulation is the process of releasing an ovum from the ovary, essential for reproduction.
    • The chances of fraternal twins arise from factors like age and ethnicity, with variations among groups, such as African-American women having higher probabilities.

    Growth and Development

    • The human genome project aimed to map gene expression and provide critical DNA data for medical research.
    • Genetic scientists study interactions between environmental influences and genetic predispositions impacting development.
    • Chromosomes unrelated to sex are referred to as autosomes, while sex cells are designated gametes, and their fertilized form is known as a zygote.

    Heredity and Genetic Traits

    • Genetic characteristics can be dominant or recessive, with recessive traits appearing only when two copies are present.
    • Polygenic inheritance plays a significant role in complex traits influenced by multiple genes.
    • Environmental conditions can lead to mutations in genetic material, altering inherited characteristics.

    Genetic Disorders and Health Implications

    • Disorders such as Huntington’s disease follow dominant inheritance patterns, whereas conditions like Tay-Sachs and sickle-cell anemia result from multifactorial influences.
    • Chromosomal abnormalities such as Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes cause specific health issues based on structural differences in chromosomes.
    • Most individuals with Down syndrome function to some extent in society, though they may require varying levels of support throughout life.

    Prenatal Development and Differentiation

    • Sexual differentiation occurs in embryos during the early weeks of pregnancy, which is more complex than previously understood.
    • Traits like albinism can manifest when recessive alleles are present without being expressed in parents.

    Birth Defects and Maternal Influence

    • Infants may be born with sex-linked disorders predominantly affecting males, as they are typically inherited from carrier mothers.
    • Genetic counseling is vital for parents with a history of hereditary conditions to assess risks for future children.### Genetic Concepts and Disorders
    • Phenotype refers to observable physical traits influenced by genetics and environment.
    • Down Syndrome is often a result of an extra chromosome, leading to moderate-to-severe mental retardation. It can be influenced by increased parental age.
    • Turner Syndrome in girls arises from a missing X chromosome. Outcomes may vary depending on whether the X is inherited from the mother or father, demonstrating genetic imprinting.
    • Karyotype analysis reveals chromosomal abnormalities often associated with disorders like Down syndrome and Turner syndrome.

    Genetic Counseling and Family History

    • Families with a history of genetic defects have greater needs for genetic counseling (e.g., those with children who have genetic disorders).
    • Adoption studies assess the role of environment versus genetics in traits like intelligence, revealing that both significantly contribute to traits.

    Heritability and Environmental Influences

    • Heritability estimates the genetic contribution to traits. Traits with high heritability are less affected by environment.
    • Niche-picking reflects how individuals may select environments that reinforce their genetic tendencies.
    • Canalization describes how certain traits are strongly influenced by genetics and resistant to environmental variations.

    Intelligence and Developmental Traits

    • Intelligence is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental conditions, with studies showing varying degrees of effects at different ages.
    • Traits such as eye color exhibit clear heritability, while complex traits like intelligence show interactions between heredity and environment.

    Prenatal Development and Inheritance

    • The zygote is the fertilized egg, which undergoes cell division and implants in the uterus during the germinal stage.
    • Cephalocaudal development describes growth that occurs from head to toe, affecting physical development in utero.
    • Prenatal exposure to substances like alcohol poses risks, particularly during the embryonic stage when major systems develop.

    Psychological and Behavioral Traits

    • Boldness and shyness in children appear to have both genetic and environmental influences.
    • Temperament can be identified early in life, suggesting genetic underpinnings.

    Miscellaneous Genetic Insights

    • Certain psychopathologies, such as schizophrenia, show high concordance rates in monozygotic twins, indicating a strong genetic component.
    • The placenta plays a critical role in pregnancy, but it does not directly affect lactation.

    Risks and Health During Pregnancy

    • Factors such as maternal age and health can influence the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth.
    • Miscarriage is commonly caused by chromosomal abnormalities, emphasizing the importance of genetic health prior to conception.

    These notes encapsulate key genetic concepts and their implications for development, health, and counseling related to hereditary traits.

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental aspects of human development, focusing on the significance of change, description, and relationships. This quiz delves into life-span studies, the impact of earlier life events, and the evolution of child development through laws and research.

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