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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason spermatozoa are at a disadvantage in the acidic environment of the vagina?
What is the primary reason spermatozoa are at a disadvantage in the acidic environment of the vagina?
During ovulation, what change occurs in the cervical mucous?
During ovulation, what change occurs in the cervical mucous?
What is the time frame within which some sperm can reach the uterine tube after insemination?
What is the time frame within which some sperm can reach the uterine tube after insemination?
What process must sperm undergo in the uterine tube to become capable of fertilizing an egg?
What process must sperm undergo in the uterine tube to become capable of fertilizing an egg?
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Which factor increases during capacitation to aid sperm motility?
Which factor increases during capacitation to aid sperm motility?
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What is a characteristic of the slow phase of passage of spermatozoa through the cervix?
What is a characteristic of the slow phase of passage of spermatozoa through the cervix?
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Which of the following is NOT a change that occurs during sperm capacitation?
Which of the following is NOT a change that occurs during sperm capacitation?
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What is the role of the isthmus in relation to sperm and oocyte interaction?
What is the role of the isthmus in relation to sperm and oocyte interaction?
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What happens to follicles that do not respond to gonadotropins?
What happens to follicles that do not respond to gonadotropins?
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Which structure is formed from the cumulus oophorus at the time of ovulation?
Which structure is formed from the cumulus oophorus at the time of ovulation?
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What role do Sertoli cells play in regulating testosterone levels?
What role do Sertoli cells play in regulating testosterone levels?
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What is the primary function of inhibin released by the mature Graafian follicle?
What is the primary function of inhibin released by the mature Graafian follicle?
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Which event triggers the resumption of meiosis I in the oocyte?
Which event triggers the resumption of meiosis I in the oocyte?
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Which is a cause of male infertility?
Which is a cause of male infertility?
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What factor released by Sertoli cells inhibits FSH secretion?
What factor released by Sertoli cells inhibits FSH secretion?
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What role do the gap junctions between cumulus oophorus cells and the oocyte play before ovulation?
What role do the gap junctions between cumulus oophorus cells and the oocyte play before ovulation?
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What is created in the antrum of the tertiary follicle that contributes to ovulation?
What is created in the antrum of the tertiary follicle that contributes to ovulation?
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Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized as a morpho-functional integrated unit with the oocyte?
Which type of ovarian follicle is characterized as a morpho-functional integrated unit with the oocyte?
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What initiates the rupture of the follicular wall during ovulation?
What initiates the rupture of the follicular wall during ovulation?
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At what stage do all oogonia of primordial follicles enter meiosis I?
At what stage do all oogonia of primordial follicles enter meiosis I?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of male infertility?
Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of male infertility?
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During the gonadotropin-sensitive phase of follicle maturation, what is expected?
During the gonadotropin-sensitive phase of follicle maturation, what is expected?
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What type of granulosa cells is found in primary ovarian follicles?
What type of granulosa cells is found in primary ovarian follicles?
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How are the follicular cells connected to the oocyte?
How are the follicular cells connected to the oocyte?
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What is the purpose of measuring Crown Rump Length (CRL) in the first trimester?
What is the purpose of measuring Crown Rump Length (CRL) in the first trimester?
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During which period is the embryo most susceptible to teratogenic effects?
During which period is the embryo most susceptible to teratogenic effects?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to birth defects?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to birth defects?
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What is the primary characteristic of the resistant period in embryonic development?
What is the primary characteristic of the resistant period in embryonic development?
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What type of inheritance involves both genetic and environmental factors in the development of birth defects?
What type of inheritance involves both genetic and environmental factors in the development of birth defects?
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What is the role of the LMNA gene in fetal development?
What is the role of the LMNA gene in fetal development?
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Which phase of human embryology involves the reshaping of the embryo into a tube-within-a-tube structure?
Which phase of human embryology involves the reshaping of the embryo into a tube-within-a-tube structure?
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What major change occurs during the organogenesis phase of embryonic development?
What major change occurs during the organogenesis phase of embryonic development?
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What happens during the lower susceptibility period of fetal development?
What happens during the lower susceptibility period of fetal development?
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In addition to genetic factors, which other elements are known to affect fetal development?
In addition to genetic factors, which other elements are known to affect fetal development?
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What is primarily responsible for maintaining the diplotene stage during meiosis I?
What is primarily responsible for maintaining the diplotene stage during meiosis I?
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How do follicular cells transport signals to the oocyte?
How do follicular cells transport signals to the oocyte?
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What role does cyclicGMP play in the interaction between oocytes and follicles?
What role does cyclicGMP play in the interaction between oocytes and follicles?
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What structure forms between the apical surface of follicular cells and the plasma membrane of the oocyte?
What structure forms between the apical surface of follicular cells and the plasma membrane of the oocyte?
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What do granulosa cells express in growing follicles?
What do granulosa cells express in growing follicles?
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What happens to primordial follicles during folliculogenesis?
What happens to primordial follicles during folliculogenesis?
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What is one of the roles of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida?
What is one of the roles of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida?
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Which of the following processes initiates the transition from primordial to primary follicles?
Which of the following processes initiates the transition from primordial to primary follicles?
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What components make up the ovulated complex?
What components make up the ovulated complex?
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What is Mittleschmerz and what causes it?
What is Mittleschmerz and what causes it?
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What happens to the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?
What happens to the corpus luteum if the oocyte is fertilized?
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What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) after fertilization?
What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) after fertilization?
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What transformation occurs when the corpus luteum ceases hormonal production?
What transformation occurs when the corpus luteum ceases hormonal production?
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What is the main function of the zona pellucida?
What is the main function of the zona pellucida?
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Lgr5+ positive stem cells are associated with which aspect of ovarian physiology?
Lgr5+ positive stem cells are associated with which aspect of ovarian physiology?
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What primarily causes the color change of the corpus luteum?
What primarily causes the color change of the corpus luteum?
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Study Notes
Human Development
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Periods of Development: Medical viewpoint divides development into three trimesters. Embryological viewpoint categorizes development into three phases: the preimplantation period (zygote to blastocyst), the embryonic period (implantation to 8th week), and the fetal period (8th week onward).
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Dating Pregnancy: Dating pregnancy can be determined by either the estimated fertilization age (difficult to calculate) or the onset of the last menstrual period (LMP), typically 40 weeks.
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Estimated Due Date (EDD): The EDD is often estimated based on the LMP, but a 28-day menstrual cycle is an assumption, and actual cycles can vary.
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Crown Rump Length (CRL): CRL is measured during the first trimester by ultrasound to accurately determine gestational age.
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Teratogens: A teratogen is a chemical, physical, or biological agent that can harm the embryo/fetus, particularly in early development.
Birth Defects
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Causes: Birth defects have genetic (chromosomal abnormalities, genes mutations) and environmental (drugs, alcohol, viruses, radiations, chemicals) causes, or a combination.
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Unknown Causes: 50-60% of birth defects have unknown causes.
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Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome: LMNA gene mutations lead to accelerated aging in children, often resulting in death in their teens or 20s.
Embryology Phases
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Gametogenesis: The process of creating gametes.
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Fertilization: The union of an egg and sperm.
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Cleavage: Early cell divisions in the zygote.
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Gastrulation: Forming the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm).
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Morphogenesis: Development of body form (folding, tube-within-a-tube structure).
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Organogenesis: Formation of organs.
Meiosis in Females and Males
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Females: Meiosis is synchronous, starting in the 5th month of pregnancy and only completed at ovulation.
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Males: Meiosis is asynchronous, continuing from puberty throughout life.
Spermatogenesis
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Types of Cells: Spermatogenesis involves spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa.
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Sertoli Cells: Support and nourish developing sperm.
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Leydig Cells: Endocrine cells that produce testosterone.
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Blood-Testis Barrier: This barrier isolates developing sperm from the immune system.
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Spermiogenesis: The process of transforming spermatids into mature spermatozoa.
Oogenesis
- Primordial Follicles: Oogonia and surrounding support cells form primordial follicles.
- Growing Follicles: Primordial follicles develop into primary, secondary, and mature (Graafian) follicles.
- Ovarian Follicle Function: Produce estrogens and other hormones and support oocyte maturation.
- Ovulation: Release of the mature ovum from the ovary.
- Ovulated Complex Components: Ovum, zona pellucida, corona radiata, cumulus oophorus.
Fertilization
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Egg Capture by Fimbriae: The ovulated complex is captured by fimbriae at the ovarian end of uterine tube(Fallopian tube).
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Sperm Capacitation: Chemical and physical changes in sperm allowing fertilization to occur in the female reproductive tract (removal of protective coating, changes in sperm membrane etc.)
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Sperm Chemotaxis: Sperm move towards the oocyte through chemical gradients released by the oocyte.
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Acrosomal Reaction: Enzymes released from the sperm head enable it to penetrate the zona pellucida.
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Sperm Penetration of Zona Pellucida: The sperm head binds to the zona pellucida of the egg.
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Fusion of Membranes: The sperm and egg membranes fuse; the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm.
Additional Info
- Corpus Luteum: Temporary endocrine structure in the ovary that produces hormone, progesterone, as a result of ovulation.
- Hormonal Regulation: Hypophysis (pituitary gland) controls spermatogenesis and oogenesis with FSH, LH and testosterone.
- Infertility: Factors affecting fertility can be genetic, environmental, or other causes.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in human development and the factors affecting birth defects. It covers developmental periods, estimating pregnancy dates, and the impact of teratogens. Test your understanding of these crucial topics in prenatal health.
