Teratology and Embryology Overview

Which of the following is a cause of congenital malformations?

The term 'teratogen' refers to an inducer of congenital malformations.

What is teratology primarily concerned with?

The incidence of birth defects is reported to be between _____ of all births at birth.

Match the drug to its associated malformation:

Which of the following maternal conditions is associated with congenital heart defects?

Stigmas in embryology are only seen as negative signs of development.

What historical view was associated with malformations during the medieval era?

Congenital malformations may increase within the first few years due to evident _____ deficiency.

Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental factor causing congenital malformations?

Teratology and Embryology

Teratology studies birth defects occurring during embryonic development.
The study of teratology dates back to ancient times where malformations were considered supernatural signs.
Medieval times saw a shift in perception, viewing malformations as evidence of possession and death.
The incidence of birth defects is estimated at 2.0-5.6% at birth, increasing in the first few years of life as motor deficiencies become apparent.
Nature tends to abort fetuses with severe chromosomal errors, leading to a higher prevalence of mild malformations.
"Stigma" in embryology refers to slight developmental variations, such as abnormal ears, philtrum, or mouth.
"Teratogen" is a substance that induces congenital malformations.

Causes of Congenital Malformations

Two main categories: Genetic factors and Environmental factors.
Genetic factors:
- Mutagenic responses to radiation, chemicals (e.g., nicotine), and other mutagenics.
- Chromosomal aberrations caused by translocations or non-disjunctions.
Environmental factors:
- Drugs:
  - Thalamicoide: ear malformations
  - Warfarin: nose hypoplasia
  - Tetracycline: enamel dysplasia
- Maternal conditions:
  - Diabetes: congenital heart defects
  - Alcoholism: fetal alcohol syndrome, growth retardation, and mental development issues
- Intrauterine infection:
  - Toxoplasmosis: oligohydramnios
  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV): oligohydramnios
  - Rubella: oligohydramnios
- Physical factors:
  - Noise, vibration, and radiation
- Hypoxia (lack of oxygen): Fetal stress can lead to malformations.

This quiz explores the fascinating field of teratology, focusing on the causes and effects of congenital malformations. Discover how both genetic and environmental factors contribute to birth defects and the historical perceptions surrounding these developmental issues.