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Human Development Across the Lifespan
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Human Development Across the Lifespan

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Human Development is the systematic study of __________.

Vulnerability to environmental influences

What are the THREE DOMAINS of development according to the content?

  • Social, Emotional, and Spiritual
  • Cognitive, Psychosocial, and Physical (correct)
  • Cognitive, Emotional, and Physical
  • Cognitive, Physical, and Spiritual

    • Developmental scientists must always remain objective in their research.

    False

    Define 'Plasticity' in the context of human development.

    <p>range of modifiability of performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Hereditary = Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from biological parents Sensitive Periods = Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences Normative Age-Graded Influences = Events that are highly similar for individuals in a specific age group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an arrest in development that can show up in adult personality?

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist proposed the Psychosexual Development theory?

    <p>Sigmund Freud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erikson's theory of psychosocial development covers ten stages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a concept introduced by __________.

    <p>Vygotsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their theories:

    <p>Ivan Pavlov = Classical conditioning Albert Bandura = Social learning theory Jean Piaget = Cognitive-stage theory Urie Bronfenbrenner = Bioecological theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote called?

    <p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene causes the formation of testes in males?

    <p>SRY gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mutations in genetic material are permanent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of development between conception and birth called?

    <p>gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stage of development with the corresponding description:

    <p>Germinal stage = Implantation - 2 weeks after fertilization Embryonic stage = 2-8 weeks, major organs formation Fetal stage = 8 weeks to birth, finishing touches development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development?

    <p>Teratogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maternal Health and Nutrition recommends pregnant women to consume 500-700 additional calories per day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During pregnancy, women should limit caffeine intake to _____ milligrams or less per day.

    <p>200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of maternal screening with their descriptions:

    <p>Amniocentesis = Can detect chromosomal abnormalities Embryoscopy = Non-chromosomal genetic abnormalities screening Chronic Villus Sampling = Diagnoses birth defects by causing the cervix to shorten and dilate Maternal Blood Test = Predicts Down syndrome and other abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of giving birth?

    <p>parturition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Ecological theory of perception?

    <p>analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants that have experience with slopes are more likely to succeed in going down the slope than novel infants. (True/False)

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age can an 18 months old infant hold a memory for 16 weeks?

    <p>18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Habituation is a type of learning in which it stops a ______.

    <p>response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following sensorimotor behavior with its description:

    <p>Primary circular circulation = Repeats pleasurable behaviors by chance, limited to the infant's own body. Secondary circular circulation = Purposeful as they learn from past exploration. Can anticipate events. Tertiary circulation = They experiment using trial and error. They show improvement. Mental presentations = They are hypothetical before using trial and error. Sensorimotor substage = Use of reflexes from birth to 1 month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered an effect of undernutrition on children?

    <p>Stunted growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nightmares are common during early childhood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is a form of maltreatment involving shaking an infant or toddler which can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death.

    <p>Shaken baby syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the failure to meet a dependent's basic needs?

    <p>Neglect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the theory that suggests human beings have an inborn capacity for language acquisition?

    <p>Nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or False: Children with no social interaction develop language properly, especially through television exposure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions associated with language continue to develop until at least the late preschool years or even adulthood?

    <p>Temporal and Parietal Lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is the sense of self; a descriptive and evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and traits.

    <p>self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following attachment styles with their descriptions:

    <p>Secure Attachment = Infant seeks comfort from caregiver in distress Avoidant Attachment = Ignores caregiver and shows no distress upon leaving Ambivalent Attachment = Becomes anxious before caregiver leaves and seeks/resists contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Apgar scale assess in newborns?

    <p>appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves no medical procedures during childbirth?

    <p>Bradley method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neonatal period spans the first ___________ weeks of life.

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Teething typically begins around 3 or 4 months of age.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reflex types with their descriptions:

    <p>Primitive reflex = Automatic response like sucking or rooting Moro reflex = Startle response Postural reflex = Reaction to changes in position or balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the frontal lobes in the brain?

    <p>goal setting, inhibition, reasoning, planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors contribute to better outcomes in infants?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Environmental factors have no impact on infant development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Development: An Overview

    • Human development is the systematic study of vulnerability to environmental change and stability in people, involving multiple disciplines like anthropology, sociology, and psychology.
    • The study of human development has evolved from focusing on infant development to encompassing the entire life span, from womb to tomb, and individual differences.

    Goals of Human Development

    • There are four types of goals in human development: Describe, Explain, Predict, and Intervene.
    • These goals are interconnected and essential for understanding human development.

    Three Domains of Human Development

    • The three domains of human development are:
      • Cognitive: Pattern of change in mental abilities, including learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
      • Psychosocial: Pattern of change in emotions, personality, and social relationships.
      • Physical: Growth of body and brain, including patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health.

    Life Span Development

    • Infancy and Toddlerhood: A period of rapid growth, curiosity, and exploration, with significant cognitive, social, and emotional developments.
    • Early Childhood: A period of steady growth, development of language, memory, and learning, and increasing autonomy and self-awareness.
    • Middle Childhood: A period of growth, development of athletic skills, and increasing importance of peers and family.
    • Adolescence: A period of significant physical, emotional, and social change, with the emergence of self-identity and independence.
    • Young Adulthood: A period of physical peak, moral development, and establishment of personality traits.
    • Middle Adulthood: A period of dual responsibilities, mental peak, and slow health deterioration.
    • Late Adulthood: A period of physical decline, increasing sense of meaning, and coping with losses.

    Approaches to Human Development

    • There are seven approaches to human development:
      1. Development is lifelong.
      2. Development is multidimensional.
      3. Development is multidirectional.
      4. Relative influences of biology and culture shift over the life span.
      5. Development involves changing resource allocations.
      6. Development shows plasticity.
      7. Development is influenced by the historical and cultural context.

    Theories of Human Development

    • There are five major perspectives on human development:
      1. Psychoanalytic: Focuses on unconscious emotions and drives.
      2. Learning: Studies observable behavior.
      3. Cognitive: Analyzes thought processes.
      4. Contextual: Emphasizes the impact of historical, social, and cultural context.
      5. Evolutionary/Sociobiological: Considers evolutionary and biological underpinnings of behavior.

    Key Concepts

    • Critical period: A specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development.
    • Imprinting: Instinctive form of learning in which a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees.
    • Plasticity: Range of modifiability of performance or behavior.
    • Sensitive periods: Times in development when a person is particularly open to certain kinds of experiences.
    • Normative: Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a particular group.
    • Normative age-graded influences: Are highly similar for people in a particular age group.
    • Normative history-graded influences: Are significant events that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation.
    • Hereditary: Inborn traits or characteristics inherited from biological parents.
    • Environment: Totality of nonhereditary, or experiential, influences on development.
    • Culture: A society's or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, language, and physical products.
    • Ethnic group: A group united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origins.
    • Maturation: Unfolding of a natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes.
    • Cohort: A group of people of the same age.
    • Historical generation: A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period.### Bioecological Theory
    • Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding human development identifies 5 levels of environmental influence:
      • Microsystem: everyday environment (home, work, school, neighborhood)
      • Other levels (not specified in the text)

    Research Methods

    • Qualitative research: focuses on non-numerical data (e.g., subjective experiences, feelings, beliefs)
    • Types of data collection:
      • Self-report
      • Observation
      • Behavioral and performance measures
    • Research designs:
      • Case study: in-depth study of a single case or phenomenon
      • Ethnographic study: descriptive study of a culture or society
      • Correlational study: examines relationship between variables
      • Cross-sectional study: assesses age-related differences at one point in time
      • Longitudinal study: assesses changes over time
      • Experimental study: manipulates variables to test hypotheses
    • "P-hacking": manipulation of variables to produce favorable results
    • Ethics of research:
      • Beneficence: maximize potential benefits, minimize harm
      • Respect: for autonomy, protection for those unable to exercise judgment
      • Justice: inclusion of diverse groups, appropriate materials and procedures

    Human Development

    • Fertilization and conception: union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote
    • Zygote: one-celled organism resulting from fertilization
    • Mutations: permanent alterations in genetic material
    • Sex differentiation: triggered by certain hormones, not automatic
    • Women have over 2 million immature ova in small sacs or follicles
    • Ovulation: rupture of mature ova and sweeping by cilia into the fallopian tube

    Genetics

    • Genes: small segments of DNA located on chromosomes
    • Genetic code: sequence of bases within DNA molecules governing protein formation
    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): chemical carrying inherited instructions
    • Chromosomes: coils of DNA consisting of genes
    • Meiosis: sex cell division
    • Mitosis: autosomal cell division
    • Phenotype: observable characteristics of a person
    • Genotype: genetic makeup of a person
    • Epigenesis: mechanism turning genes on or off, determining cell functions
    • Genetic counseling: assessing risk of genetic defects or diseases

    Developmental Abnormalities

    • Chromosomal abnormalities: errors in cell division, resulting in extra or missing chromosomes
    • Down syndrome: most common chromosomal abnormality
    • XYY syndrome: male, tall, low IQ
    • Triple X: female, normal, menstrual irregularities
    • Klinefelter: sterile, underdeveloped secondary sex organs
    • Turner: no menstrual, webbed neck, underdeveloped sex organs
    • Multifactorial transmission: combination of genetic and environmental factors producing complex traits
    • Fragile X syndrome: minor-to-severe mental retardation, delayed speech and motor development, hyperactivity

    Intelligence and Temperament

    • Intelligence: strong heritability, but also influenced by environmental factors
    • Temperament: unique, inborn characteristics, relatively consistent over time, responsive to special experiences and parental handling

    Schizophrenia

    • Mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality, hallucinations, and delusions
    • Strong heritability, but also influenced by environmental factors (e.g., paternal age, famine during pregnancy)

    Pregnancy and Childbirth

    • Gestation: period of development between conception and birth

    • Gestational age: age of an unborn baby, dated from the first day of the mother's last menstrual cycle

    • Embryonic stage: 2-8 weeks, formation of major organs

    • Fetal stage: 8 weeks to birth, "finishing touches" on development

    • Teratogens: environmental agents (e.g., viruses, drugs, radiation) that can interfere with normal prenatal development

    • Maternal health and nutrition:

      • Additional 300-500 calories per day
      • Gaining weight (16-40 pounds for normal weight, 28-40 pounds for underweight, 15-25 pounds for overweight)
      • DHA and folic acid supplements
      • Micronutrients (e.g., vitamins, minerals) essential for fetal development

    • Physical activity: moderate exercise during pregnancy, avoiding overheating and strenuous activities

    • Substance use: avoiding medication, caffeine, marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine during pregnancy### Maternal and Fetal Health

    • Chronic stress leads to preterm labor and depression

    • Opioid use during pregnancy causes neonatal abstinence syndrome

    • Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is characterized by retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

    • Maternal smoking during pregnancy is the single most important factor in low birth weight in developed countries

    Maternal Screening

    • Types of maternal screening:
      • Amniocentesis: detects chromosomal abnormalities
      • Chorionic villus sampling: early diagnosis of birth defects
      • Umbilical cord sampling: detects fetal DNA and blood disorders
      • Maternal blood test: predicts Down syndrome and other abnormalities

    Stages of Childbirth

    • Stage 1: Dilation of the cervix (12-14 hours)
    • Stage 2: Descent and emergence of the baby (up to 2 hours)
    • Stage 3: Expulsion of the placenta (10 minutes to 1 hour)

    Childbirth Methods

    • Natural childbirth: method to prevent pain by eliminating fear through education
    • Prepared childbirth: method that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses
    • Leboyer: method that uses low lights and gentle massage to reduce pain
    • Bradley method: method that uses no medical procedures

    Neonatal Care

    • Apgar scale: standard measurement of a newborn's condition
    • Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS): measures neonate's responses to the environment
    • Doula: an experienced mentor who provides emotional support and information to the mother during labor

    Infant Development

    • Small-for-date (small-for-gestational age) infants: born with a low birth weight due to slow fetal growth
    • Premature (preterm) infants: born before completing the 37th week of gestation
    • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant

    Brain Development

    • Parts of the cerebral hemisphere:
      • Occipital lobe: visual processing
      • Parietal lobe: integrates sensory information
      • Temporal lobe: interprets smells and sounds, involved in memory
      • Frontal lobe: involved in higher-order processes, such as goal setting, inhibition, and problem-solving
    • Integration: process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups
    • Differentiation: process by which cells acquire specialized structures and functions

    Reflexes and Motor Development

    • Reflex behaviors: automatic, involuntary, innate responses to stimulation
    • Types of reflexes:
      • Primitive: sucking, rooting, Moro reflex
      • Postural reflex: reaction to changes in position or balance
      • Locomotor reflexes: resemble voluntary movements
    • Denver Developmental Screening Test: assesses language, gross and fine motor skills, and adaptive behavior
    • Dynamic systems theory (DST): holds that motor development is a dynamic process of active coordination of multiple systems within the infant in relation to the environment

    Cognitive Development

    • Approaches to cognitive development:
      • Behaviorist approach: concerned with basic mechanics of learning
      • Psychometric approach: seeks to measure intelligence quantitatively
      • Piagetian approach: describes qualitative stages in cognitive functioning
      • Information-processing approach: analyzes processes involved in perceiving and handling information
      • Cognitive neuroscience: analyzes the neural basis of cognitive development

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