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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
- Food storage
- Respiration and circulation
- Digestion and absorption
- Movement and support (correct)
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
- Ball and socket joint (correct)
- Saddle joint
- Hinge joint
- Pivot joint
Which function does not pertain to the skeletal system?
Which function does not pertain to the skeletal system?
- Digestion of nutrients (correct)
- Support and shape maintenance
- Protection of vital organs
- Production of blood cells
What is haematopoiesis?
What is haematopoiesis?
Which parts of the body are protected by the rib cage?
Which parts of the body are protected by the rib cage?
What connects the skeletal muscles to the skeleton?
What connects the skeletal muscles to the skeleton?
Which type of joint is represented by the elbow?
Which type of joint is represented by the elbow?
Which component of the skeletal system is involved in protecting the spinal cord?
Which component of the skeletal system is involved in protecting the spinal cord?
What percentage of bone composition is made up of hydroxyapatite?
What percentage of bone composition is made up of hydroxyapatite?
Which hormone released by bone cells helps in the regulation of blood sugar?
Which hormone released by bone cells helps in the regulation of blood sugar?
Which part of the skeleton is primarily involved in weight-bearing activities?
Which part of the skeleton is primarily involved in weight-bearing activities?
What type of exercise has a positive effect on bone growth?
What type of exercise has a positive effect on bone growth?
How many bones are present in the axial skeleton?
How many bones are present in the axial skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the appendicular skeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the appendicular skeleton?
What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
What is the total number of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
Which vertebral component curves due to the attachment of erector spinae muscles?
Which vertebral component curves due to the attachment of erector spinae muscles?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
What is the primary function of the muscular system?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
Which type of muscle is responsible for involuntary movements and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
What role does the muscular system play in producing body heat?
What role does the muscular system play in producing body heat?
How do skeletal muscles function in relation to each other?
How do skeletal muscles function in relation to each other?
How do muscles help in maintaining posture?
How do muscles help in maintaining posture?
What is the significance of the origin and insertion in muscle contraction?
What is the significance of the origin and insertion in muscle contraction?
What makes up the thick filaments in muscle fibers?
What makes up the thick filaments in muscle fibers?
Which property of muscle tissue refers to its ability to return to its normal shape after being stretched?
Which property of muscle tissue refers to its ability to return to its normal shape after being stretched?
What happens to muscles when the body is exposed to cold air?
What happens to muscles when the body is exposed to cold air?
What role do tendons play in the muscular system?
What role do tendons play in the muscular system?
Which statement correctly describes how movement is facilitated in the musculoskeletal system?
Which statement correctly describes how movement is facilitated in the musculoskeletal system?
What are muscles responsible for in addition to movement?
What are muscles responsible for in addition to movement?
What triggers involuntary muscle contractions like shivering?
What triggers involuntary muscle contractions like shivering?
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of the heart?
What is the primary function of muscle contractions in relation to lifting loads?
What is the primary function of muscle contractions in relation to lifting loads?
Which of the following statements is true regarding muscle contractions?
Which of the following statements is true regarding muscle contractions?
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Study Notes
The Human Body Systems
- The human body is made up of systems, organs, and cells, with each system having specific functions.
- Cells are the fundamental units of life, requiring food and oxygen while producing waste.
Skeletal System
- Composed of bones and connective tissues that provide support, protection, and motion.
- Joints are of two main types:
- Ball-and-socket joints (shoulder, hip) allow rotation and twisting.
- Hinge joints (elbow, knee) allow bending and stretching.
- Supports the body, maintaining its shape through the skeletal framework.
- Protects vital organs: skull (brain), vertebrae (spinal cord), rib cage (lungs, heart).
- Blood cell production occurs in yellow bone marrow (haematopoiesis).
- Stores calcium and iron, contributing to metabolism.
- Bone cells secrete osteocalcin, which regulates blood sugar and fat deposition.
Divisions of the Skeletal System
- Axial Skeleton: 80 bones, comprising the vertebral column (26), rib cage (12 pairs of ribs and sternum), and skull (22 bones) which supports body weight and maintains upright posture.
- Appendicular Skeleton: 126 bones, includes pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs, facilitating locomotion and organ protection.
Muscular System
- Consists of striated (skeletal) and unstriated (smooth) muscles vital for movement.
- Types of muscles:
- Skeletal muscles provide body shape, account for 40% of body weight, and work in pairs as flexors and extensors.
- Cardiac muscles are specialized striated tissues forming heart walls.
- Smooth muscles control involuntary functions like digestion and blood vessel regulation.
Muscle Structure and Properties
- Made up of fibers grouped into myofibrils, which consist of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.
- Muscle tissues have four key properties: Excitability, Contractibility, Extensibility, Elasticity.
Functions of Muscular System
- Motion: Muscles and skeleton work together for movement, utilizing levers.
- Heat Production: Muscle contraction generates heat; approximately 70% of body heat originates from muscle activity.
- Posture Maintenance: Muscles maintain body position and static balance through constant tension.
Muscle Contraction Mechanics
- Skeletal muscles create movement by bending joints; tendons connect muscles to bones.
- Proximal attachment (origin) remains stationary while the distal attachment (insertion) moves during contraction.
- Muscles only exert force via pulling, not pushing; opposing muscle groups facilitate movement reversals.
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