Overview of the Human Body Systems

Overview of the Human Body

Composed of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Approximate number of cells: 37 trillion.

Major Systems

Skeletal System
- Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
- Functions: support, movement, protection, blood cell production, mineral storage.
Muscular System
- Comprises skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Functions: movement, posture maintenance, heat production.
Nervous System
- Divided into central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Functions: control of body activities, response to stimuli, information processing.
Circulatory System
- Includes heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Functions: transport of nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products.
Respiratory System
- Comprises lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.
- Functions: gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide), regulation of blood pH.
Digestive System
- Includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Functions: breakdown of food, nutrient absorption, waste elimination.
Endocrine System
- Composed of glands (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal).
- Functions: hormone production and regulation of metabolic processes.
Immune System
- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
- Functions: defense against pathogens, immune response activation.
Integumentary System
- Composed of skin, hair, nails.
- Functions: protection, temperature regulation, sensory perception.
Reproductive System
- Male: testes, penis; Female: ovaries, uterus.
- Functions: production of gametes, hormone regulation, reproduction.

Homeostasis

Process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment.
Involves feedback mechanisms (negative and positive).

Cell Structure

Major Organelles:
- Nucleus: contains genetic material.
- Mitochondria: energy production.
- Ribosomes: protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis and transport of proteins/lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: modification and packaging of proteins.

Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces, lines cavities.
- Functions: absorption, secretion, sensation.
Connective Tissue
- Supports and binds other tissues.
- Types: bone, cartilage, adipose, blood.
Muscle Tissue
- Responsible for movement.
- Types: skeletal, smooth, cardiac.
Nervous Tissue
- Composed of neurons and glial cells.
- Functions: transmission of impulses, support, and protection of neurons.

Basic Functions

Metabolism: All chemical reactions in the body (anabolism and catabolism).
Growth and Development: Increase in size and complexity over time.
Reproduction: Biological process to produce offspring.
Response to Stimuli: Reaction to internal and external changes.

Health and Maintenance

Importance of nutrition, exercise, hydration, and sleep.
Regular medical check-ups and vaccinations for preventive health.

Overview of the Human Body

The human body is structured from cells, tissues, organs, and systems.
Contains approximately 37 trillion cells.

Major Systems

Skeletal System
- Comprised of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
- Functions: provides support, facilitates movement, protects vital organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.
Muscular System
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Responsible for movement, maintaining posture, and generating heat.
Nervous System
- Split into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- Controls body activities, responds to stimuli, and processes information.
Circulatory System
- Composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
- Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Respiratory System
- Encompasses lungs, trachea, and diaphragm.
- Engages in gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) and regulates blood pH levels.
Digestive System
- Comprises mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas.
- Responsible for food breakdown, nutrient absorption, and waste elimination.
Endocrine System
- Made up of glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
- Produces hormones and regulates metabolic processes.
Immune System
- Includes lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.
- Defends against pathogens and activates immune responses.
Integumentary System
- Composed of skin, hair, and nails.
- Functions: protects against external damage, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.
Reproductive System
- Male: includes testes and penis; Female: consists of ovaries and uterus.
- Responsible for gamete production, hormone regulation, and reproduction.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Involves feedback mechanisms, including negative feedback (reducing changes) and positive feedback (enhancing changes).

Cell Structure

Major Organelles:
- Nucleus: Holds genetic material.
- Mitochondria: Produces energy.
- Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes and transports proteins and lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins for delivery.

Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities.
- Functions in absorption, secretion, and sensation.
Connective Tissue
- Provides support and binds other tissues.
- Types include bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood.
Muscle Tissue
- Facilitates movement.
- Types: skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart).
Nervous Tissue
- Composed of neurons and supporting glial cells.
- Transmits impulses and supports neural health.

Basic Functions

Metabolism: Encompasses all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down).
Growth and Development: Represents the increase in size and complexity over time.
Reproduction: Biological process for producing offspring.
Response to Stimuli: How the body reacts to internal and external changes.

Health and Maintenance

Emphasizes the importance of nutrition, exercise, hydration, and adequate sleep.
Encourages regular medical check-ups and vaccinations for preventive health measures.