Anatomy 1 Lecture: Human Body Structure

Instructor: Mike Henry is one of six instructors teaching Anatomy 1
Recordings: Lectures are recorded and available on YouTube for review
Approach: Understanding of the human body structure will be taught through different levels of complexity

Organs divided into systems that work together for the body's survival
Digestive System: Includes organs like the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas
Importance of understanding individual organs within systems and detailed structures at a microscopic level
Cells play a vital role in absorbing nutrients and passing them through membranes into the bloodstream
Cells are composed of molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids
To study the body's structure, one must understand the levels of complexity from the organism to atoms

Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues have different functions in the body
Organs are made up of two or more tissues working together
Organ Systems: Includes muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Each system has a specific function in the body and interacts with other systems

Living things exhibit movement, ingestion of nutrients, gas exchange, waste excretion, response to stimuli, energy metabolism, growth and development, maintenance of internal environment, reproduction, and evolution
Cells are the smallest living entities and exhibit all these characteristics of life

Nucleus: Stores DNA and produces ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER with ribosomes synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium ions
Golgi Body: Modifies and sorts proteins for distribution to different cell parts
Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down old organelles, foreign substances, and programmed cell death
Mitochondria: ATP factories that convert energy from food into usable energy for the cell
Protein Synthesis: Involves DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to create polypeptides through a process called translation### Protein Synthesis
During protein synthesis, messenger RNA (mRNA) travels through multiple ribosomes, allowing for the simultaneous synthesis of multiple polypeptides.
Each ribosome reads the code on the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
As the mRNA is read, the code is translated into a polypeptide chain, one amino acid at a time.

The completed polypeptide chain enters the ER, where it is packaged into a vesicle.
The vesicle then travels to the Golgi complex, where the protein is modified and sorted.
The Golgi complex modifies the protein by adding carbohydrates or lipids, and then sorts the proteins into different vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

Proteins can be transported to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or other organelles, depending on their function.
Vesicles carrying proteins can fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein outside the cell through exocytosis.
Lysosomes receive digestive enzymes from the Golgi complex and use them to break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, consisting of two layers of phospholipids with polar heads and nonpolar tails.
The phospholipid bilayer provides a barrier to the free movement of water and allows the cell to control its internal environment.
Membrane proteins, including channel proteins, carrier proteins, and enzymes, are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer and provide various functions.

The cytoskeleton is a system of filaments, tubules, and intermediate filaments that provides structural support, moves organelles, and changes cell shape.
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are the three main components of the cytoskeleton.
The cytoskeleton is involved in cell movement, organelle transport, and maintenance of cell shape.

Mike Henry is one of the instructors teaching Anatomy 1.
Lectures are recorded and available on YouTube for review.
The course will approach the understanding of human body structure through different levels of complexity.

Organs are divided into systems that work together for the body's survival.
The Digestive System includes organs like the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas.
Cells play a vital role in absorbing nutrients and passing them through membranes into the bloodstream.
Cells are composed of molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.
Understanding the body's structure requires understanding the levels of complexity from the organism to atoms.

There are four main types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
Organs are made up of two or more tissues working together.
There are 11 organ systems: muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Each system has a specific function in the body and interacts with other systems.

Living things exhibit movement, ingestion of nutrients, gas exchange, waste excretion, response to stimuli, energy metabolism, growth and development, maintenance of internal environment, reproduction, and evolution.
Cells are the smallest living entities and exhibit all these characteristics of life.

The nucleus stores DNA and produces ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.
Rough ER with ribosomes synthesizes proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids and stores calcium ions.
The Golgi Body modifies and sorts proteins for distribution to different cell parts.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down old organelles, foreign substances, and programmed cell death.
Mitochondria are ATP factories that convert energy from food into usable energy for the cell.

Protein synthesis involves DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to create polypeptides through translation.
During protein synthesis, messenger RNA (mRNA) travels through multiple ribosomes, allowing for the simultaneous synthesis of multiple polypeptides.
Each ribosome reads the code on the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
As the mRNA is read, the code is translated into a polypeptide chain, one amino acid at a time.

The completed polypeptide chain enters the ER, where it is packaged into a vesicle.
The vesicle then travels to the Golgi complex, where the protein is modified and sorted.
The Golgi complex modifies the protein by adding carbohydrates or lipids, and then sorts the proteins into different vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

Proteins can be transported to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, or other organelles, depending on their function.
Vesicles carrying proteins can fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing the protein outside the cell through exocytosis.
Lysosomes receive digestive enzymes from the Golgi complex and use them to break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, consisting of two layers of phospholipids with polar heads and nonpolar tails.
The phospholipid bilayer provides a barrier to the free movement of water and allows the cell to control its internal environment.
Membrane proteins, including channel proteins, carrier proteins, and enzymes, are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer and provide various functions.